Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galápagos Islands
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Farm Characteristics
3.2. Basic Animal Welfare Measures
3.2.1. Feed and Water Access
3.2.2. Shelter Availability and Housing Systems
3.2.3. Animal Health Management
3.2.4. Animal Behavior
3.2.5. Timely Euthanasia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Censo de Población y Vivienda—Galápagos 2015; Gobierno de la Republica del Ecuador: Galápagos Island, Ecuador, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Parque Nacional Galapagos Ecuador. Informe Anual 2019 Visitantes a Las Sáreas Protegidas de Galápagos; Ministerio del Ambiente & Parque Nacional Galápagos: Galápagos Island, Ecuador, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Walsh, S.J.; Mena, C.F. Interactions of Social, Terrestrial, and Marine Sub-Systems in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 14536–14543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barrera, V.; Monteros-Altamirano, Á.; Valverde, M.; Escudero, L.; Allauca, J.; Zapata, A. Characterization and Classification of Agricultural Production Systems in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Agric. Sci. 2021, 12, 481–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampedro, C.; Pizzitutti, F.; Quiroga, D.; Walsh, S.J.; Mena, C.F. Food Supply System Dynamics in the Galapagos Islands: Agriculture, Livestock and Imports. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 2020, 35, 234–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Consejo de Gobierno del Regimen Especial de Galápagos. Plan Galápagos 2030: Plan de Desarrollo Sustentable y Ordenamiento Territorial del Régimen Especial de Galápagos; Consejo de Gobierno del Regimen Especial de Galápagos: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Ministerio del Ambiente & Parque Nacional Galapagos. Plan de Manejo de las Áreas Protegidas de Galápagos para el Buen Vivir; Ministerio del Ambiente & Parque Nacional Galápagos: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Schneider, F.; Tarawali, S. Sustainable Development Goals and Livestock Systems. Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE 2021, 40, 585–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gothwal, R.; Shashidhar, T. Antibiotic Pollution in the Environment: A Review: Antibiotic Pollution in the Environment. Clean Soil Air Water 2015, 43, 479–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murphy, R.; Palm, M.; Mustonen, V.; Warringer, J.; Farewell, A.; Parts, L.; Moradigaravand, D. Genomic Epidemiology and Evolution of Escherichia Coli in Wild Animals in Mexico. mSphere 2021, 6, e00738-20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nieto-Claudin, A.; Deem, S.L.; Rodríguez, C.; Cano, S.; Moity, N.; Cabrera, F.; Esperón, F. Antimicrobial Resistance in Galapagos Tortoises as an Indicator of the Growing Human Footprint. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 284, 117453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Racines, D.; Baquero, M.I.; Cruz, M.; Duque, V.; Vélez, A.; Vinueza, C.; Giacoboni, G. Perfil Fenotipico de Resistencia a Antimicrobianos de Enterococcus Spp. Aislados de Pinzones de Galapagos, Ecuador. Revista 2020, 7, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Overbey, K.N.; Hatcher, S.M.; Stewart, J.R. Water Quality and Antibiotic Resistance at Beaches of the Galápagos Islands. Front. Environ. Sci. 2015, 3, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Keeling, L.J.; Marier, E.A.; Olmos Antillón, G.; Blokhuis, H.J.; Staaf Larsson, B.; Stuardo, L. A Global Study to Identify a Potential Basis for Policy Options When Integrating Animal Welfare into the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Front. Anim. Sci. 2022, 3, 974687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Magnusson, U.; Boqvist, S.; Doyle, R.; Robinson, T. Animal Health and Welfare for Sustainable Livestock Systems; Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock: Rome, Italy, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/#goal_section (accessed on 5 December 2022).
- Galapagos Conservancy Floreana Island. Available online: https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/the-islands/floreana-island/ (accessed on 13 November 2022).
- Hanson, C.; Campbell, K. Floreana Island Ecological Restoration: Rodent and Cat Eradication Feasibility Analysis Version 6.1; Island Conservation: Santa Cruz, CA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Island Conservation. Floreana Island Restoration Project. Available online: https://www.islandconservation.org/floreana-island-galapagos/ (accessed on 13 November 2022).
- Campbell, K.; Donlan, C.J.; Cruz, F.; Carrion, V. Eradication of Feral Goats Capra Hircus from Pinta Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Oryx 2004, 38, 328–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nicholls, H. Invasive Species: The 18-Km2 Rat Trap. Nature 2013, 497, 306–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carrion, V.; Donlan, C.J.; Campbell, K.J.; Lavoie, C.; Cruz, F. Archipelago-Wide Island Restoration in the Galápagos Islands: Reducing Costs of Invasive Mammal Eradication Programs and Reinvasion Risk. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e18835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hanson, C. Community Drives Restoration of Floreana Island; Galapagos Conservation Trust: Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Pairis-Garcia, M.D.; Johnson, A.K.; Azarpajouh, S.; Colpoys, J.D.; Rademacher, C.J.; Millman, S.T.; Webb, S.R. The U.S. Swine Industry: Historical Milestones and the Future of on-Farm Swine Welfare Assessments. CABI Rev. 2016, 2016, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Organisation of Animal Health. Terrestrial Animal Health Code; World Organisation of Animal Health: Paris, France, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Gallo, C.S.; Tadich, T.G. Perspective from Latin America. In Advances in Agricultural Animal Welfare; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 197–218. ISBN 978-0-08-101215-4. [Google Scholar]
- Gallo, C.; Véjar, L.; Galindo, F.; Huertas, S.M.; Tadich, T. Animal Welfare in Latin America: Trends and Characteristics of Scientific Publications. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 1030454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- National Chicken Council. Animal Welfare Guidelines and Audit Checklist for Broilers; National Chicken Council: Washington, DC, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Certified Humane. Humane Farm Animal Care Welfare Standards—Chickens; Certified Humane: Middleburg, VA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Certified Humane. Humane Farm Animal Care Welfare Standards—Beef Cattle; Certified Humane: Middleburg, VA, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- A Greener World. Certified Animal Welfare Approved by A Greener World Standards for Beef Cattle; A Greener World: Terrebonne, OR, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- A Greener World. Certified Animal Welfare Approved by A Greener World Standards for Meat Chickens; A Greener World: Terrebonne, OR, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Mason, G.; Rushen, J. (Eds.) Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamental and Applications to Welfare, 2nd. ed.; CABI Publishing: Wallingfrod, UK; Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Pairis-Garcia, M.D.; Wagner, B. K Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Disease in Pigs; Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Weary, D.M.; Robbins, J.; Fraser, D.; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. Is Animal Welfare Better on Smaller Farms? In Animal Welfare: From Science to Law; Hild, S., Schweitzer, L., Eds.; University of British Columbia: Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2019; pp. 133–139. [Google Scholar]
- Klerkx, L.; Landini, F.; Santoyo-Cortés, H. Agricultural Extension in Latin America: Current Dynamics of Pluralistic Advisory Systems in Heterogeneous Contexts. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 2016, 22, 389–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jori, F.; Hernandez-Jover, M.; Magouras, I.; Dürr, S.; Brookes, V.J. Wildlife-Livestock Interactions in Animal Production Systems: What Are the Biosecurity and Health Implications? Anim Front 2021, 11, 8–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Veterinary Medical Association Veterinary Telehealth: The Basics. Available online: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/telehealth-telemedicine-veterinary-practice/veterinary-telehealth-basics (accessed on 7 December 2022).
- Singh, J. The COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opportunity to Strengthen Telemedicine in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Pediatr Res 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015; ISBN 978-92-4-150976-3. [Google Scholar]
- Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. No Time to Wait: Securing the Future from Drug-Resistant Infections; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019; Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/no-time-to-wait-securing-the-future-from-drug-resistant-infections (accessed on 23 December 2022).
- World Health Organization. Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Bacteria: Application of a One Health Approach—Guidance from the WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AGISAR); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017; ISBN 978-92-4-151241-1. [Google Scholar]
- AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition; Leary, S.L. (Ed.) American Veterinary Medical Association: Schaumburg, IL, USA, 2020; ISBN 978-1-882691-09-8. [Google Scholar]
- Zulkifli, I.; Wakiman, Z.; Sazili, A.Q.; Goh, Y.M.; Jalila, A.; Zunita, Z.; Awad, E.A. Effect of Shackling, Electrical Stunning and Halal Slaughtering Method on Stress-Linked Hormones in Broilers. SA J. An. Sci. 2019, 49, 598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gregory, N.G. Animal Welfare at Markets and during Transport and Slaughter. Meat Sci. 2008, 80, 2–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Althen, T.G.; Ono, K.; Topel, D.G. Effect of Stress Susceptibility or Stunning Method on Catecholamine Levels in Swine. J. Anim. Sci. 1977, 44, 985–989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Estévez-Moreno, L.X.; Miranda-de la Lama, G.C.; Miguel-Pacheco, G.G. Consumer Attitudes towards Farm Animal Welfare in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia: A Segmentation-Based Study. Meat Sci. 2022, 187, 108747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vargas-Bello-Pérez, E.; Miranda-de la Lama, G.C.; Teixeira, D.L.; Enríquez-Hidalgo, D.; Tadich, T.; Lensink, J. Farm Animal Welfare Influences on Markets and Consumer Attitudes in Latin America: The Cases of Mexico, Chile and Brazil. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 2017, 30, 697–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Farm Characteristics | Farms N (%) |
---|---|
Number of persons who work on the farm | |
1 | 2 (25) |
2 or 3 | 6 (75) |
Production animal species on the farm 1 | |
Poultry | 8 (100) |
Swine | 6 (75) |
Cattle | 5 (62.5) |
Multi-species farm 2 | 7 (87.5) |
Animal inventory on-farm | |
Poultry | |
30–50 | 3 (37.5) |
51–80 | 3 (37.5) |
81–300 | 2 (25) |
Swine | |
0 | 2 (25) |
1–20 | 4 (50) |
21–80 | 2 (25) |
Cattle | |
0 | 3 (37.5) |
1–20 | 2 (25) |
21–67 | 3 (37.5) |
Basic Animal Welfare Measures | Farms N (%) |
---|---|
Animal Health Management Common livestock clinical signs or conditions observed by farmers 1 | |
Diarrhea | 2 (25) |
Respiratory signs | 2 (25) |
Dystocia and/or Retained Placenta | 2 (25) |
Lameness or inability to stand | 2 (25) |
Poor body condition | 2 (25) |
Parasitic infection 2 | 8 (100) |
Timely Euthanasia Recognized five key indicators 3 of livestock suffering | |
0 to 1 of the five indicators was recognized 4 | 6 (75) |
2 to 3 of the five indicators were recognized | 2 (25) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rhea, S.; Camacho, B.E.; Amoriello, C.W.; Correa, M.; Lewbart, G.A.; Cruz, M.; Vélez, A.; Castillo, P.; Pairis-Garcia, M. Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galápagos Islands. Animals 2023, 13, 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040686
Rhea S, Camacho BE, Amoriello CW, Correa M, Lewbart GA, Cruz M, Vélez A, Castillo P, Pairis-Garcia M. Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galápagos Islands. Animals. 2023; 13(4):686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040686
Chicago/Turabian StyleRhea, Sarah, Blanca E. Camacho, Carrisa W. Amoriello, Maria Correa, Gregory A. Lewbart, Marilyn Cruz, Alberto Vélez, Paulina Castillo, and Monique Pairis-Garcia. 2023. "Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galápagos Islands" Animals 13, no. 4: 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040686