Detection of Methane Eructation Peaks in Dairy Cows at a Robotic Milking Station Using Signal Processing
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Garnsworthy, P.C.; Craigon, J.; Hernandez-Medrano, J.; Saunders, N. On-farm methane measurements during milking correlate with total methane production by individual dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95, 3166–3180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lassen, J.; Løvendahl, P. Heritability estimates for enteric methane emissions from Holstein cattle measured using noninvasive methods. J. Dairy Sci. 2016, 99, 1959–1967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bell, M.J.; Potterton, S.; Craigon, J.; Saunders, N.; Wilcox, R.; Hunter, M.; Goodman, J.; Garnsworthy, P.C. Variation in enteric methane emissions among cows on commercial dairy farms. Animal 2014, 8, 1540–1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huhtanen, P.; Cabezas-Garcia, E.; Utsumi, S.; Zimmerman, S. Comparison of methods to determine methane emissions from dairy cows in farm conditions. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 3394–3409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Negussie, E.; Lehtinen, J.; Mäntysaari, P.; Bayat, A.-R.; Liinamo, A.-E.; Mäntysaari, E.A.; Lidauer, M. Non-invasive individual methane measurement in dairy cows. Animal 2017, 11, 890–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cottle, D.; Velazco, J.; Hegarty, R.; Mayer, D. Estimating daily methane production in individual cattle with irregular feed intake patterns from short-term methane emission measurements. Animal 2015, 9, 1949–1957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hammond, K.J.; Crompton, L.A.; Bannink, A.; Dijkstra, J.; Yáñez-Ruiz, D.R.; O’Kiely, P.; Kebreab, E.; Eugène, M.; Yu, Z.; Shingfield, K.J.; et al. Review of current in vivo measurement techniques for quantifying enteric methane emission from ruminants. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2016, 219, 13–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bell, M.J.; Garnsworthy, P.C.; Mallis, D. Modified approach to estimating daily methane emissions of dairy cows by measuring filtered eructations during milking. J. Sustain. Org. Ag. Syst. 2020, 69, 47–56. [Google Scholar]
- MathWorks. Peak Analysis. Available online: https://uk.mathworks.com/help/signal/examples/peak-analysis.html (accessed on 21 December 2021).
- Garnsworthy, P.C.; Difford, G.F.; Bell, M.J.; Bayat, A.R.; Huhtanen, P.; Kuhla, B.; Lassen, J.; Peiren, N.; Pszczola, M.; Sorg, D.; et al. Comparison of Methods to Measure Methane for Use in Genetic Evaluation of Dairy Cattle. Animal 2019, 9, 837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bell, M.J.; Saunders, N.; Wilcox, R.; Homer, E.; Goodman, J.; Craigon, J.; Garnsworthy, P.C. Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 6536–6546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Crompton, L.; Mills, J.; Reynolds, C.; France, J. Fluctuations in methane emission in response to feeding pattern in lactating dairy cows. In Modelling Nutrient Digestion and Utilisation in Farm Animals; Sauvant, D., van Milgen, J., Faverdin, P., Friggens, N., Eds.; Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2011; pp. 176–180. [Google Scholar]
- Huhtanen, P.; Krizsan, S.; Hetta, M.; Gidlund, H.; Cabezas Garcia, E. Repeatability and between cow variability of enteric methane and total carbon dioxide emissions. In Proceedings of the Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture conference, Advances in Animal Biosciences, Dublin, Ireland, 23–27 June 2013; p. 588. [Google Scholar]
- Sorg, D.; Difford, G.F.; Mühlbach, S.; Kuhla, B.; Swalve, H.H.; Lassen, J.; Strabel, T.; Pszczola, M. Comparison of a laser methane detector with the GreenFeed and two breath analysers for on-farm measurements of methane emissions from dairy cows. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2018, 153, 285–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Item | Units | Mean (s.d.) 1 | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Lactation | no. | 1.9 (1.3) | 1–7 |
Stage of lactation | days | 154 (83) | 11–350 |
Milkings | per day | 2.8 (0.9) | 1–5 |
Milk yield | kg/day | 42 (11) | 5–80 |
Live weight | kg | 722 (83) | 499–911 |
Variable | Mean | F Statistic | SED | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analyser | SP | NG | IRMAX | |||||||||
545 a | 595 b | 621 c | 37.2 | 9.1 | <0.001 | |||||||
Period | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||
582 | 594 | 585 | 1.2 | 9.9 | 0.303 | |||||||
Analyser × Period 1 | SP P1 | SP P2 | SP P3 | NG P1 | NG P2 | NG P3 | IRMAX P1 | IRMAX P2 | IRMAX P3 | |||
574 ab | 544 bc | 516 c | 600 a | 596 a | 590 a | 571 a | 643 d | 650 d | 10.6 | 16.1 | <0.001 |
Analyser | |||
---|---|---|---|
Statistic | SP | NG | IRMAX |
Repeatability | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.52 |
Between-cow CV | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
Residual CV | |||
Period 1 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
Period 2 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Period 3 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hardan, A.; Garnsworthy, P.C.; Bell, M.J. Detection of Methane Eructation Peaks in Dairy Cows at a Robotic Milking Station Using Signal Processing. Animals 2022, 12, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010026
Hardan A, Garnsworthy PC, Bell MJ. Detection of Methane Eructation Peaks in Dairy Cows at a Robotic Milking Station Using Signal Processing. Animals. 2022; 12(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010026
Chicago/Turabian StyleHardan, Ali, Philip C. Garnsworthy, and Matt J. Bell. 2022. "Detection of Methane Eructation Peaks in Dairy Cows at a Robotic Milking Station Using Signal Processing" Animals 12, no. 1: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010026
APA StyleHardan, A., Garnsworthy, P. C., & Bell, M. J. (2022). Detection of Methane Eructation Peaks in Dairy Cows at a Robotic Milking Station Using Signal Processing. Animals, 12(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010026