An Overview of Antibiotics as Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence in Bivalves as Biomonitoring Organisms
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Antibiotics’ Use and Their Presence in Aquatic Environment
3. Methods Used to Quantify Antibiotics in Bivalves
4. Antibiotics Occurrence in Bivalves Collected All around the World
4.1. Occurrence of Antibiotics in Bivalve Mollusks Harvested in Europe
4.2. Occurrence of Antibiotics in Bivalve Mollusks Harvested in Asia
4.3. Occurrence of Antibiotics in Bivalve Mollusks Harvested in America
5. Discussion and Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antibiotic Class | Extraction Method | Detection | Recovery % | LOD (ng/g dw) | LOQ (ng/g dw) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quinolones Sulfonamides Macrolides | PLE+SPE | LC-MS/MS | n.d. | 0.1–0.3 0.02–0.05 0.04–0.6 | 0.3–0.9 0.06–0.6 0.1–1 | [4] |
Tetracyclines Quinolones | LE+SPE | LC-MS/MS | 92–113 89–91 | 0.51–1.26 * 0.54 * | 0.65–1.48 * 0.83 * | [6] |
Sulfonamides Quinolones Macrolides | SPE | UPLC-MS-MS | 67–85 70–93 63–80 | 0.02–0.03 * 0.06–0.16 * 0.01–0.25 * | 0.06–0.10 * 0.21–0.54 * 0.02–0.85 * | [27] |
Macrolides Ionophores | LE-SPE | RRLC-MS/MS | 76.5–379.2 53.42–366.5 | 0.23–0.63 * | 0.76–2.11 * | [33] |
Nitroimidazole | PLE+SPE | UPLC–QqLIT | n.d. | 0.2 | 0.7 | [7] |
Sulfonamides Lincosamides | LE | LC-MS/MS | 61–131 51 | 0.01–0.03 0.01 | n.d. | [48] |
Macrolides Nitroimidazoles Sulfonamides | PLE+SPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 45–54.4 65.8–66 34.7–41.3 | 0.01 0.01–0.10 0.01–0.03 | 0.02–0.03 0.03–0.33 0.02–0.09 | [51,52] |
Sulfonamides Diaminopyrimidines Quinolones Tetracyclines Penicillins Cephalosporins Macrolides Chloramphenicol | LE+SPE | UHPLC-MS/MS | 43–127 | 0.01–0.05 * 0.01 * 0.01–1.9 * 0.03–0.3 * 0.01 * 0.09 * 0.03–0.3 * 0.2 * | 0.03–0.2 * 0.03 * 0.03–5.6 * 0.1–0.9 * 0.03 * 0.3 * 0.1–1 * 0.6 * | [53] |
Continent | State-Country | Antibiotic | Location | Mollusk | Analytical Method Used | Antibiotic Concentration Found (ng/g dw) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Range | |||||||
Europe | Italy | Tetracycline | North Adriatic Sea | Meretrix lyrata | LC-MS/MS | 49.45 * | n.d. | [6] |
Oxytetracycline | Venerupis | 125.03 * | n.d. | |||||
Doxycycline | decussata | 60.45 * | n.d. | |||||
Chlortetracycline | Venerupis philippinarum | 77.48 * | n.d | |||||
Flumequine | 0.84 * | n.d. | ||||||
Meretrix meretrix | ||||||||
Paphia textile | ||||||||
Venus gallina | ||||||||
Flumequine | Mytilus | 3.59 * | n.d. | |||||
galloprovincialis | ||||||||
Mytilus edulis | ||||||||
Mytilus chilensis | ||||||||
Azithromycin | Po Delta | Mytilus galloprovincialis | UPLC-MS/MS | 13.3 | 13–13.6 | [51] | ||
Spain | Tetracycline | Atlantic Spain | Mytilus galloprovincialis Mytilus edulis Mytilus chilensis | LC-MS/MS | 0.55 * | n.d. | [6] | |
Ronidazole | Ebro Delta | Chamelea gallina | UPLC-MS/MS | 1 | n.d. | [51] | ||
Crassostrea gigas | 1.8 | n.d. | ||||||
Sulfamethoxazole | Chamelea gallina | <0.02 | n.d. | |||||
Crassostrea gigas | <0.02 | n.d. | ||||||
Azithromycin | Mytilus galloprovincialis | 2.9 | n.d. | |||||
galloprovincialis | ||||||||
Chamelea gallina | 1.3 | n.d. | ||||||
Crassostrea gigas | 3 | n.d | ||||||
Ronidazole | Ría de Muros y Noia | Ensis siliqua | UPLC–QqLIT | 2.26 | n.d. | [7] | ||
Enrofloxacin | Alfacs Bay Mediterranean Sea | Mytilus galloprovincialis | UHPLC-QqLIT | 0.230 ▲ | 0.198–0.208 ▲ | [54] | ||
Marbofloxacin | 0.435 ▲ | 0.424–0.446 ▲ | ||||||
Portugal | Dimetridazole | Tagus estuary | Mytilus spp. | UPLC-MS/MS | 7.7 | 10.2–5.2 | [51] | |
Azithromycin | 11.8 | 12–11.6 | ||||||
Asia | China | Norfloxacin | Coastal cities along the Bohai Sea: Dalian, Yingkou, Huludao, Beidaihe, Tianjin, Shouguang, Penglai, Yantai and Weihai | Crassosteratalienwhanensis Chlamys farreri, Amussium, Scapharca subcrenata, Meretrix merehjgntrix Linnaeus, Mactra veneriformis, Mactra chinesis, Mya arenaria, Neverita didyma, Rapana venosa, Mytilus edulis | LC-MS/MS | 18.82 | 0–370 | [4] |
Ciprofloxacin | 14.54 | 0–208 | ||||||
Difloxacin | 3.14 | 0–57.1 | ||||||
Enrofloxacin | 5.43 | 0–147 | ||||||
Fleroxacin | 13.57 | 0–250 | ||||||
Ofloxacin | 14.65 | 0–242 | ||||||
Lomefloxacin | 5.67 | 0–141 | ||||||
Sarafloxacin | 10.94 | 0–160 | ||||||
Sulfathiazole | 1.33 | 0–35.2 | ||||||
Sulfamethoxazole | 1.01 | 0–20.1 | ||||||
Sulfisoxazole | 0.91 | 0–71.6 | ||||||
Sulfadiazine | 0.16 | 0–2.72 | ||||||
Sulfapyridine | 0.26 | 0–3.65 | ||||||
Sulfadimethoxine | 0.08 | 0–1.75 | ||||||
Sulfamethazine | 0.2 | 0–29.8 | ||||||
Sulfamerazine | 0.42 | 0–5.98 | ||||||
Sulfamonomethoxine | 1.60 | 0–15.4 | ||||||
Spiramycin | 0.78 | 0–23.2 | ||||||
Josamycin | 0.03 | 0–1.14 | ||||||
Tylosin | 0.01 | 0–1.81 | ||||||
Erythromycin | 1.65 | 0–31.3 | ||||||
Roxithromycin | 0.11 | 0–1.92 | ||||||
Erythromycin-H2O | Hailing Island of South China | Meretrix lusoria | RRLC-MS/MS | n.d. | n.d.–0.9 * | [33] | ||
Salinomycin | 13 * | n.d.–14.5 * | ||||||
Narasin | n.d | n.d.–7.5 * | ||||||
Sulfadiazine | Dalang, Jingu, Dafeng and Nanliu River estuaries–Beibu Gulf | Crassostrea rivularis Gould | UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | 0.12 * | n.d. | [27] | ||
Sulfapyridine | 0.45 * | n.d. | ||||||
Sulfamethazine | 0.03 * | n.d | ||||||
Sulfamethoxazole | 0.03 * | n.d. | ||||||
Trimethoprim | 0.14 *. | n.d. | ||||||
Norfloxacin | 0.37 * | n.d. | ||||||
Ciprofloxacin | 0.54 *. | n.d. | ||||||
Enrofloxacin | 0.17 * | n.d. | ||||||
Ofloxacin | 0.14 * | n.d. | ||||||
Enoxacin | 0.27 * | n.d. | ||||||
Clarithromycin | 0.06 * | n.d. | ||||||
Roxithromycin | 0.11 * | n.d. | ||||||
Erythromycin | 1.08 * | n.d. | ||||||
Sulfamerazine | Pearl River Delta | Ostrea gigas Mimachlamys nobilis Mytilus edulis | UHPLC-MS/MS | 0.03 * | n.d.–0.9 * | [53] # | ||
Sulfamethazine | 0.07 * | n.d.–2.1 * | ||||||
Sulfamethoxazole | 1.6 * | n.d.–26 * | ||||||
Trimethoprim | 0.3 * | 0.04–1 * | ||||||
Ciprofloxacin | 9.1 * | n.d.–42 * | ||||||
Norfloxacin | 31 * | n.d.–256 * | ||||||
Ofloxacin | 3 * | n.d.–72 * | ||||||
Flumequine | 8.8 * | n.d.–118 * | ||||||
Tetracycline | 0.5 * | 0.03–2.4 * | ||||||
Oxytetracycline | 0.4 * | n.d.–1.8 * | ||||||
Isochlortetracycline | 0.08 * | n.d.–0.6 * | ||||||
PenicillinG-Na | 0.7 * | n.d.–3.4 * | ||||||
Cefotaxime-Na | 2.7 * | 0.4–13 * | ||||||
Spectinomycin | 18 * | n.d.–366 * | ||||||
Roxithromycin | 0.1 * | n.d.–1.8 * | ||||||
Erythromycin-H2O | 0.9 * | n.d.–5.5 * | ||||||
Clarithromycin | 1.2 * | n.d.–23 * | ||||||
Chloramphenicol | 1.3 * | n.d.–37 * | ||||||
Enrofloxacin Flumequine | Taiwan: Changhua, Yunlin, Chiayi, Tainan, Kaohsiumg, Hwalien | Corbicula fluminea Meretrix lusoria | LC-MS/MS | 0.5 * 0.8 * | n.d. n.d. | [55] | ||
Singapore | Sulfadiazine Lincomycin | Mangrove sites: Sungei Mandai Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Pandan Mangrove Sungei Changi Pulau Ubin Pasir Ris | Polymesoda expansa | LC-MS/MS | 0.51 * 0.02 * | 0.15–1.4 * 0.01–0.03 * | [48] | |
America | California | Erythromycin-H2O Sulfamethizole | San Francisco Bay: | Geukensia demissa | LC-MS/MS | 0.1 * <0.25 * | <0.06–0.1 * <0.25–0.2 * | [56] |
Richmond | ||||||||
San Leandro Bay | ||||||||
Eden Landing | ||||||||
Foster City | ||||||||
Cooley Landing | ||||||||
Lomefloxacin | Coast of California | Mytilus spp. | LC-MS/MS | 29 | 0–170 | [57,58] | ||
Sulfamethazine | 24 | 0–430 | ||||||
Enrofloxacin | 1.3 | 0–12 | ||||||
Erytromycin-H2O | 0.14 | 0–2 | ||||||
Ofloxacin | 1.2 | 0–18 | ||||||
Brazil | Chloramphenicol | Sepetiba Bay and Parnaiba Delta River | Anomalocardia | LC-MS/MS | <0.26 * | n.d.–0.5 * | [28] | |
Brasiliana | ||||||||
Mytilus edulis |
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Baralla, E.; Demontis, M.P.; Dessì, F.; Varoni, M.V. An Overview of Antibiotics as Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence in Bivalves as Biomonitoring Organisms. Animals 2021, 11, 3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113239
Baralla E, Demontis MP, Dessì F, Varoni MV. An Overview of Antibiotics as Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence in Bivalves as Biomonitoring Organisms. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113239
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaralla, Elena, Maria P. Demontis, Filomena Dessì, and Maria V. Varoni. 2021. "An Overview of Antibiotics as Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence in Bivalves as Biomonitoring Organisms" Animals 11, no. 11: 3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113239