Human–Wildlife Coexistence in Urban Wildlife Management: Insights from Nonlethal Predator Management and Rodenticide Bans
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Managing Urban Wildlife for Coexistence
3.1.1. Nonhuman Belonging
Coyotes are considered important members of a healthy ecosystem and should be encouraged to occur in the city’s open space and habitat areas that exist adjacent to, and outside of, the urban limit (e.g., urban/agricultural transition areas and other city owned open space and habitat areas within the planning area). Hazing shall not occur within these areas.[46]
3.1.2. Nonlethal Management
3.1.3. Mutual Accommodation
3.2. Rodent Control and Banning Rodenticides
3.2.1. Nonhuman Belonging
3.2.2. Nonlethal Management
3.2.3. Mutual Accommodation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Urban Wildlife Management Documents:
- Project Coyote. Dogs and coyotes. Available online: http://www.projectcoyote.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dogs_Coyotes.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Project Coyote. Informational brochure. Available online: http://www.projectcoyote.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PC_brochure.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Project Coyote. Coexisting with coyotes brochure. Available online: http://www.projectcoyote.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Coexisting_Brochure_oct2015.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Project Coyote. Denver’s coyotes learn to live with human neighbors. Available online: http://www.projectcoyote.org/foxdenver.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Merlin Tuttle’s Bat Conservation. Brazilian free-tailed bats—Congress Avenue Bridge bat colony. Available online: https://www.austinbats.org/bats (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Austin Bat Refuge. Don’t blame bats. Available online: https://austinbatrefuge.org/covid-19/# (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Stafford Mader, L. Coexisting with the coyotes of Travis County: Austin’s wildlife management program goes countywide. Available online: https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2019-02-22/coexisting-with-the-coyotes-of-travis-county/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City of Boulder, CO. Urban wildlife management plan. Available online: https://bouldercolorado.gov/wildlife/urban-wildlife-management-plan (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City of Denver, CO. Avoiding conflicts with wildlife in the city. Available online: https://www.denvergov.org/content/dam/denvergov/Portals/747/documents/Natural_Areas/wildlife/wildlife-conflict-info.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City of Denver, CO. Coyote management plan. Available online: https://www.mspca.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/denver-coyote-management-plan.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City and County of Broomfield, CO. Coexistence with wildlife policy. Available online: https://www.broomfield.org/DocumentCenter/View/1392/CoexistencePolicyFinal?bidId= (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City of Davis, CA. Coyote management and coexistence plan. Available online: https://www.cityofdavis.org/home/showdocument?id=2896 (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City of Chicago, IL. Wildlife management and coexistence plan. Available online: https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/cacc/PDFiles/Chicago_WIldlife_Plan_FINAL_8.9.19.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City of Lake Forest Park, WA. Accepted wildlife management plan. Available online: https://www.cityoflfp.com/DocumentCenter/View/487/Wildlife-Management-Plan---4-6-12-3?bidId= (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Rodent Control Documents
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Rodenticides. Available online: https://wildlife.ca.gov/Living-with-Wildlife/Rodenticides (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- City of Davis, CA. Rodenticide Hazards. Available online: https://www.cityofdavis.org/city-hall/urban-wildlife/rodenticide-hazards (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Cudmore, B. A New Approach to Oregon’s Growing Rat Problem. Available online: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/new-approach-oregons-growing-rat-problem (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Malibu, California. Rodent Control & the Environment. Available online: https://www.malibucity.org/750/Rodent-Control-the-Environment (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- McFadden, D. Pest Control: Exclusion Is the Most Powerful Weapon. Available online: https://www.foodqualityandsafety.com/article/exclusion-pest-control/?singlepage=1 (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Moorpark, CA. Anticoagulant rodenticides. Available online: http://www.moorparkca.gov/579/Anticoagulant-Rodenticides (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Parsons, M. H., & Munshi-South, J. Better rat control in cities starts by changing human behavior. Available online: https://theconversation.com/better-rat-control-in-cities-starts-by-changing-human-behavior-129232 (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Poison Free Malibu. Rodents. Available online: https://poisonfreemalibu.org/rodents/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Raptors Are The Solution. RATS Fact Sheet. Available online: https://www.raptorsarethesolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/RATS-fact-sheet.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Raptors Are The Solution. RATS Brochure. Available online: https://www.raptorsarethesolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RATS_brochure_2018_HomePrint.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Richardson, J. Super rats or sickly rodents? Our war against urban rats could be leading to swift evolutionary changes. Available online: https://theconversation.com/super-rats-or-sickly-rodents-our-war-against-urban-rats-could-be-leading-to-swift-evolutionary-changes-125902 (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Sabalow, R. & Reese, P. As rats overrun California cities, state moves to ban powerful pest-killers. Available online: https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article232687952.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Serieys, L. Why Do Poisons Matter? Available online: http://www.urbancarnivores.com/poisons/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).
- Williams, T. Poisons Used to Kill Rodents Have Safer Alternatives. Available online: https://www.audubon.org/magazine/january-february-2013/poisons-used-kill-rodents-have-safer (accessed on 1 October 2020).
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Themes | Subthemes |
---|---|
Nonhuman belonging | Conditional on spatial and behavioral criteria (toleration; selective empathy) Unconditional (hospitality; expansive empathy) Native/non-native status |
Lethal control as last resort | Criteria of killability (species; behavior) Nonlethal strategies (design, teaching and learning, human behavior) Rodenticide alternatives mostly lethal |
Mutual accommodation | Human–wildlife interactions Normalization Learning Coexistence Conflict management Visibility/invisibility |
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Hunold, C.; Mazuchowski, M. Human–Wildlife Coexistence in Urban Wildlife Management: Insights from Nonlethal Predator Management and Rodenticide Bans. Animals 2020, 10, 1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111983
Hunold C, Mazuchowski M. Human–Wildlife Coexistence in Urban Wildlife Management: Insights from Nonlethal Predator Management and Rodenticide Bans. Animals. 2020; 10(11):1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111983
Chicago/Turabian StyleHunold, Christian, and Maz Mazuchowski. 2020. "Human–Wildlife Coexistence in Urban Wildlife Management: Insights from Nonlethal Predator Management and Rodenticide Bans" Animals 10, no. 11: 1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111983
APA StyleHunold, C., & Mazuchowski, M. (2020). Human–Wildlife Coexistence in Urban Wildlife Management: Insights from Nonlethal Predator Management and Rodenticide Bans. Animals, 10(11), 1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111983