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Volume 13
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10.3390/microorganisms13040889
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Article

Gene Detection and Enzymatic Activity of Psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus s.s. Isolated from Milking Environments, Dairies, Milk, and Dairy Products

by
Carlos E. G. Aguilar
1,
Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi
2,
Higor O. Silva
3,
Luisa Maria F. S. Oliveira
4,
Alenia Naliato Vasconcellos
4,*,
Danielle de Cássia Martins Fonseca
4,
Andréia Cristina Nakashima Vaz
4,
Bruna Maria Salotti de Souza
5 and
Ana Maria Centola Vidal
4
1
Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-900, SP, Brazil
2
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha 29102-920, ES, Brazil
3
Mário Palmério University Center (UNIFUCAMP), Monte Carmelo 38500-000, MG, Brazil
4
College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (FZEA/USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
5
Department of Technology and Inspection of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040889
Submission received: 5 March 2025 / Revised: 4 April 2025 / Accepted: 9 April 2025 / Published: 12 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Microorganisms and Genomics, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium that causes foodborne illness and dairy spoilage. This study analyzed B. cereus s.s. isolates from milking environments, raw milk, and dairy products to assess their genotypic and phenotypic traits. From 466 samples, 61 isolates were obtained: 27 from milking environments, 9 from dairy environments, 8 from raw milk, and 17 from dairy products. Genomic sequencing identified genes encoding proteolytic (BC5350, BC0666, BC2984, BC0598, BC5351, BC3383, BC2735), lipolytic (BC4862, BC2141, BC1027, BC4123, BC4345, BC5402, BC5401), and esterase (BC1954, BC4515, BC3413, BC3606) enzymes. Plate assays confirmed enzymatic activities. Proteolytic genes were more prevalent in environmental samples, followed by raw milk and dairy products. Lipolytic genes were most frequent in raw milk, followed by environmental samples and dairy products. Esterase genes were most common in dairy environments. These findings suggest that dairy processing influences the enzymatic profile of B. cereus s.s., potentially impacting food safety and quality in the dairy industry. Understanding the distribution of these genes may help develop strategies to mitigate spoilage and contamination risks in dairy products.
Keywords: dairy; lipolysis; microorganisms; production; proteolysis dairy; lipolysis; microorganisms; production; proteolysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Aguilar, C.E.G.; Rossi, G.A.M.; Silva, H.O.; Oliveira, L.M.F.S.; Vasconcellos, A.N.; Fonseca, D.d.C.M.; Vaz, A.C.N.; de Souza, B.M.S.; Vidal, A.M.C. Gene Detection and Enzymatic Activity of Psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus s.s. Isolated from Milking Environments, Dairies, Milk, and Dairy Products. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040889

AMA Style

Aguilar CEG, Rossi GAM, Silva HO, Oliveira LMFS, Vasconcellos AN, Fonseca DdCM, Vaz ACN, de Souza BMS, Vidal AMC. Gene Detection and Enzymatic Activity of Psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus s.s. Isolated from Milking Environments, Dairies, Milk, and Dairy Products. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(4):889. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040889

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aguilar, Carlos E. G., Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi, Higor O. Silva, Luisa Maria F. S. Oliveira, Alenia Naliato Vasconcellos, Danielle de Cássia Martins Fonseca, Andréia Cristina Nakashima Vaz, Bruna Maria Salotti de Souza, and Ana Maria Centola Vidal. 2025. "Gene Detection and Enzymatic Activity of Psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus s.s. Isolated from Milking Environments, Dairies, Milk, and Dairy Products" Microorganisms 13, no. 4: 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040889

APA Style

Aguilar, C. E. G., Rossi, G. A. M., Silva, H. O., Oliveira, L. M. F. S., Vasconcellos, A. N., Fonseca, D. d. C. M., Vaz, A. C. N., de Souza, B. M. S., & Vidal, A. M. C. (2025). Gene Detection and Enzymatic Activity of Psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus s.s. Isolated from Milking Environments, Dairies, Milk, and Dairy Products. Microorganisms, 13(4), 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040889

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