Long Noncoding RNAs in Plant Viroids and Viruses: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction: lncRNAs
2. Viroids
3. Replicative lncRNAs: Defective and Defective-Interfering RNAs
4. Replicative RNAs: Satellite RNAs
5. Nonreplicative Lnc RNAs of Plant Viruses
6. Host lncRNAs during Plant-Virus Interactions
7. Final Remarks
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Viroid Classification | Type Species | Genome and Pathogenesis |
---|---|---|
Avsunviroidae | ||
Avsunviroid | Avocado Sun Blotch Viroid (ASBvd) | The viroids in this family have a circular genome of 247–399 nucleotides. Viroids are characterized by a specific central conserved region (CCR) in the RNA and have hammerhead ribozymes (HHR) required for symmetric rolling circle replication in the chloroplast. Most viroids are symptomatic to the host whereas some can be asymptomatic. |
Pelamoviroid | Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMvd) | |
Elaviroid | Eggplant latent viroid (ELVd) | |
Pospiviroidae | ||
Pospiviroid | Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) | The genome size ranges from 246 to 371 nucleotides. The viroids lack central conserved region (CCR) and ribozyme activity. Replication in the nucleus by asymmetric rolling circle replication is catalyzed completely by host enzymes. It can infect a wide range of hosts including Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Compsitae, and others including various economically important fruit crops like apples, citruses and some ornamental plants. |
Hostuviroid | Hop stunt viroid (HSV) | |
Cocadviroid | Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) | |
Apscaviroid | Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) | |
Coleviroid | Coleus blumei viroid (CBVd) |
Family/Genus of Helper Virus | Example | Genome and Pathogenesis |
---|---|---|
Linear Small Satellite RNA | ||
Tombusviridae | Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) satellite RNA | The genome is linear long non-coding RNA, ranging from 339 to 901 nucleotides. Most satRNAs are pathogenic to the helper viruses whereas some, like black beet scorch virus (BBSV) satellite RNA, is known to intensify symptoms and virus accumulation. |
Bromoviridae | Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) satellite RNA | |
Umbravirus | Groundnut rosette virus (GRV) satellite RNA | |
Circular Sat RNAs | ||
Secoviridae | Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) satellite RNA | Also known as virusoids, they have circular long non-coding RNAs ranging from 220 to 457 nucleotides. The RYMV satRNA is the smallest known pathogenic subviral agent. The RNA secondary structure is conserved with a hammerhead ribozyme. They replicate by rolling circle mechanism using the helper virus machinery and are encapsidated by the helper virus coat protein. Mostly pathogenic to the helper virus, leading to attenuation of the symptoms in host plants. The replication of satRNAs is known to be supported by heterologous helper viruses across different species. |
Luteoviridae | Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) | |
Sobemovirus | Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) satellite |
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Shrestha, N.; Bujarski, J.J. Long Noncoding RNAs in Plant Viroids and Viruses: A Review. Pathogens 2020, 9, 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090765
Shrestha N, Bujarski JJ. Long Noncoding RNAs in Plant Viroids and Viruses: A Review. Pathogens. 2020; 9(9):765. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090765
Chicago/Turabian StyleShrestha, Nipin, and Józef J. Bujarski. 2020. "Long Noncoding RNAs in Plant Viroids and Viruses: A Review" Pathogens 9, no. 9: 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090765