Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal # | Year | Location Found/Origin | Signalment | Treatments | Outcome (Died/Euth/Released) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2010 | Kittery Point, ME | Juv M | Ketaconazole 20 mg/kg SID 19 days; Baytril 5 mg/kg BID 3 day; Gentak ointment BID-TID 21 days; Vetropolycin BID 3 days; Optimmune ointment SID 1 day; | Died |
2 | 2010 | Kennebunk, ME | Juv M | Ketaconazole 20 mg/kg & 30 mg/kg SID (dosage was increased); Sulfatrim 30 mg/kg BID 10 days; Gentacin ointment SID 7 days | Euthanized |
3 | 2011 | Eliot, ME | Ad M | Ketaconazole 20 mg/kg at least 4 weeks | Died |
4 | 2012 | Deerfield, NH | <1y F | data not available | Euthanized |
5 | 2013 | Huntington, MA | Ad F | Ketaconazole 15 mg/kg SID | Released |
6 | 2015 | Rockingham County, NH | Juv M | Ketaconazole 30 mg/kg SID; Ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg SQ | Euthanized |
7 | 2016 | Barrington, NH | M | data not available | Released |
8 | 2017 | North Berwick, ME | Ad M | data not available | Euthanized |
9 | 2017 | Wells, ME | Ad M | data not available | Released |
10 | 2017 | Sandbornville, NH | Ad F | ivermectin SQ; terbinafine 125 mg/mL; 30 mg/kg | Released |
11 | 2017 | Turner, ME | Ad M | data not available | Released |
12 | 2017 | York, ME | Ad M | nitraconazole 200 mg BID 14 d; Terbinafine 100 mg SID 32 d | Released |
Animal # | Tests Performed | Culture Findings | Molecular Diagnostics (Specimen Tested—Result) | Additional Necropsy Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Necropsy; FFPE metagenomics | Culture not performed | FFPE—primarily Arthroderma benhamiae | (1) Fibrinonecrotizing neutrophilic pneumonia; (2) Chronic cerebrocortical necrosis (suspected infarct); (3) Hepatic and esophageal subacute fibrinoid phlebitis; (4) Marked intestinal cestodiasis; (5) Marked colonic nematodiasis |
2 | Necropsy; FFPE metagenomics | Culture not performed | FFPE—poor DNA yield/ no amplification | (1) Subacute lymphohistiocytic interstitial myocarditis; (2) Eosinophilic and neutrophilic bronchopneumonia; (3) Marked intestinal cestodiasis |
3 | Necropsy; Fungal culture; D1-D2 large subunit RNA PCR and sequencing | Trichophyton sp. | culture—Arthroderma benhamiae | (1) Incisor overgrowth & marked molar wear; (2) Skeletal myofiber atrophy; (3) Rib fractures; (4) Marked intestinal cestodiasis; (5) Moderate colonic nematodiasis; (6) Subacute lymphohistiocytic myocarditis; (7) Thalamic gliosis and sclerosis with minimal encephalitis |
4 | Biopsy; FFPE metagenomics | Culture not performed | FFPE—poor DNA yield/ no amplification | n/a—biopsy only |
5 | Biopsy; FFPE metagenomics | Culture not performed | FFPE—primarily Resinicium furfuraceum | n/a—biopsy only |
6 | Necropsy; dermatophyte test media culture (DTM); FFPE metagenomics | DTM + | FFPE—primarily Puccinia coronate | (1) Granulomatous peritonitis with abdominal perforation, intestinal entrapment and rupture (presumptive trauma); (2) Moderate intestinal cestodiasis; (3) Moderate colonic nematodiasis; (4) Chronic cerebrocortical astrogliosis and microgliosis; (5) Subacute hepatocellular necrosis (presumptive larval migration) |
7 | Biopsy; FFPE metagenomics | Culture not performed | FFPE—primarily Trichophyton sp. (28S), Arthroderma benhamiae (ITS) | n/a—biopsy only |
8 | Necropsy; culture; D1-D2 large subunit RNA PCR and sequencing | Trichophyton sp. | culture—Arthroderma benhamiae | (1) Chronic granulomatous and eosinophilic capsular splenitis; (2) Marked intestinal cestodiasis; (3) Marked colonic nematodiasis |
9 | Biopsy; culture; D1-D2 large subunit RNA; metagenomics on culture | Trichophyton sp. | culture—Arthroderma benhamiae | n/a—biopsy & culture only |
10 | Biopsy; culture; D1-D2 large subunit RNA; metagenomics on culture | Mixed | culture—mixedprimarily Scopulariopsis candida | n/a—biopsy & culture only |
11 | Biopsy; culture; D1-D2 large subunit RNA; metagenomics on culture | Trichophyton sp. | culture—Arthroderma benhamiae | n/a—biopsy & culture only |
12 | Biopsy; culture; D1-D2 large subunit RNA; metagenomics on culture | Trichophyton sp. | culture—Arthroderma benhamiae | n/a—biopsy & culture only |
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Needle, D.B.; Gibson, R.; Hollingshead, N.A.; Sidor, I.F.; Marra, N.J.; Rothenheber, D.; Thachil, A.J.; Stanhope, B.J.; Stevens, B.A.; Ellis, J.C.; et al. Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010–2017. Pathogens 2019, 8, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040171
Needle DB, Gibson R, Hollingshead NA, Sidor IF, Marra NJ, Rothenheber D, Thachil AJ, Stanhope BJ, Stevens BA, Ellis JC, et al. Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010–2017. Pathogens. 2019; 8(4):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040171
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeedle, David B., Robert Gibson, Nicholas A. Hollingshead, Inga F. Sidor, Nicholas J. Marra, Derek Rothenheber, Anil J. Thachil, Bryce J. Stanhope, Brian A. Stevens, Julie C. Ellis, and et al. 2019. "Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010–2017" Pathogens 8, no. 4: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040171
APA StyleNeedle, D. B., Gibson, R., Hollingshead, N. A., Sidor, I. F., Marra, N. J., Rothenheber, D., Thachil, A. J., Stanhope, B. J., Stevens, B. A., Ellis, J. C., Spanswick, S., Murray, M., & Goodman, L. B. (2019). Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010–2017. Pathogens, 8(4), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040171