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Volume 15
Issue 23
10.3390/buildings15234393
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Review

Review of Dynamic Response and Pier Damage Mechanisms in Girder Bridges Under Bidirectional Seismic Excitations: Critical Role of Vertical Components in Near-Field Effects

by
Shutong Chen
1,2,*,
Wenjun An
1,
Hao Fu
3,*,
Yan Shan
4,
Feng Xi
1,
Yuwen Wen
1,
Fadzli Mohamed Nazri
2,
Chee-Loong Chin
3 and
Chau-Khun Ma
3
1
School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi Polytechnic Institute (JPI), Xinyu 338000, China
2
School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
4
Intelligent Engineering School, Jiangxi Metallurgical Vocational and Technical College, Xinyu 338000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4393; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234393
Submission received: 13 October 2025 / Revised: 11 November 2025 / Accepted: 24 November 2025 / Published: 4 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This paper systematically reviews bridge structural dynamics and pier damage mechanisms under seismic excitation over recent decades, addressing four key aspects: (1) the structural response of simply supported bridges subjected to horizontal seismic forces and corresponding damage in shear keys and piers; (2) the impact of near-fault vertical ground motion on vertical constraint degradation and its contribution to pier damage; (3) the failure mechanisms of piers under bidirectional coupled seismic excitations; (4) recent advances in innovative design concepts, structural configurations, and material applications for seismic-resistant piers. Eventually, the limitations of current research are identified, and potential future research directions and methodologies are proposed.
Keywords: girder bridges; near fault vertical earthquake; bidirectional coupled seismic excitations; pier damage girder bridges; near fault vertical earthquake; bidirectional coupled seismic excitations; pier damage

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, S.; An, W.; Fu, H.; Shan, Y.; Xi, F.; Wen, Y.; Mohamed Nazri, F.; Chin, C.-L.; Ma, C.-K. Review of Dynamic Response and Pier Damage Mechanisms in Girder Bridges Under Bidirectional Seismic Excitations: Critical Role of Vertical Components in Near-Field Effects. Buildings 2025, 15, 4393. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234393

AMA Style

Chen S, An W, Fu H, Shan Y, Xi F, Wen Y, Mohamed Nazri F, Chin C-L, Ma C-K. Review of Dynamic Response and Pier Damage Mechanisms in Girder Bridges Under Bidirectional Seismic Excitations: Critical Role of Vertical Components in Near-Field Effects. Buildings. 2025; 15(23):4393. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234393

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Shutong, Wenjun An, Hao Fu, Yan Shan, Feng Xi, Yuwen Wen, Fadzli Mohamed Nazri, Chee-Loong Chin, and Chau-Khun Ma. 2025. "Review of Dynamic Response and Pier Damage Mechanisms in Girder Bridges Under Bidirectional Seismic Excitations: Critical Role of Vertical Components in Near-Field Effects" Buildings 15, no. 23: 4393. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234393

APA Style

Chen, S., An, W., Fu, H., Shan, Y., Xi, F., Wen, Y., Mohamed Nazri, F., Chin, C.-L., & Ma, C.-K. (2025). Review of Dynamic Response and Pier Damage Mechanisms in Girder Bridges Under Bidirectional Seismic Excitations: Critical Role of Vertical Components in Near-Field Effects. Buildings, 15(23), 4393. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234393

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