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Volume 15
Issue 12
10.3390/buildings15122057
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Impact of Steel Slag Ratio on Strength and Durability of Flowable Waste Soil for Foundation Pit Backfill

by
Lei Liao
1,†,
Xinmiao Shi
2,*,†,
Jinxin Zhang
1,
Haoqing Xu
2,
Chaofeng Wu
3,4,
Shucheng Zhang
2,* and
Shengwei Wang
5
1
China Power Engineering Consulting Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100029, China
2
Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Geoenvironmental Disaster Prevention and Remediation of School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
3
China Energy Engineering Group Zhejiang Electric Power Design Institute, Hangzhou 310014, China
4
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
5
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Buildings 2025, 15(12), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122057 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 15 May 2025 / Revised: 8 June 2025 / Accepted: 12 June 2025 / Published: 15 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In order to broaden the means of resource utilization of waste soil and steel slag produced in the process of urban construction, in this study, steel slag was used to replace part of the cement with waste soil, to prepare flowable waste soil. Through unconfined compressive strength (UCS), permeability, and dry–wet cycle tests, the mechanical properties of flowable waste soil under different steel slag replacement ratios and moisture contents were studied. The results show that the UCS of the flowable waste soil increases with the increase in curing age. When the steel slag replacement ratio is less than 66.7%, the UCS of the sample after 7 days of curing is more than 100 kPa. When the moisture content of the sample is 58% and the steel slag replacement ratio is 58.3%, the UCS can reach 101 kPa after 1 day of curing, which can meet the requirements of rapid construction. The UCS, resistance to the dry–wet cycle, elastic modulus, failure stress, and failure strain of flowable waste soil all decrease with the increase in the moisture content and steel slag substitution ratio. The permeability coefficient of the steel slag mixed sample decreased from 2.1 × 10−6 cm/s to 7.4 × 10−7 cm/s, and the permeability coefficient of the flowable waste soil after 28 d curing extended below 6 × 10−6 cm/s, indicating that the flowable waste soil has good impermeability and can be applied well in engineering.
Keywords: flowable waste soil; steel slag; unconfined compressive strength; dry–wet cycle; impermeability flowable waste soil; steel slag; unconfined compressive strength; dry–wet cycle; impermeability

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liao, L.; Shi, X.; Zhang, J.; Xu, H.; Wu, C.; Zhang, S.; Wang, S. Impact of Steel Slag Ratio on Strength and Durability of Flowable Waste Soil for Foundation Pit Backfill. Buildings 2025, 15, 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122057

AMA Style

Liao L, Shi X, Zhang J, Xu H, Wu C, Zhang S, Wang S. Impact of Steel Slag Ratio on Strength and Durability of Flowable Waste Soil for Foundation Pit Backfill. Buildings. 2025; 15(12):2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122057

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liao, Lei, Xinmiao Shi, Jinxin Zhang, Haoqing Xu, Chaofeng Wu, Shucheng Zhang, and Shengwei Wang. 2025. "Impact of Steel Slag Ratio on Strength and Durability of Flowable Waste Soil for Foundation Pit Backfill" Buildings 15, no. 12: 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122057

APA Style

Liao, L., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Xu, H., Wu, C., Zhang, S., & Wang, S. (2025). Impact of Steel Slag Ratio on Strength and Durability of Flowable Waste Soil for Foundation Pit Backfill. Buildings, 15(12), 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122057

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