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Laws, Volume 12, Issue 2

April 2023 - 14 articles

Cover Story: In 2022, the US Department of Treasury sanctioned Tornado Cash, a virtual currency mixer based on the Ethereum blockchain, resulting in the arrest of one of its developers. This marks the first time OFAC has sanctioned software as a foreign 'person'. The decentralized nature of the software and its global user base illustrate the challenges for establishing jurisdiction over decentralized software and its users. Traditional approaches to jurisdiction, such as claiming jurisdiction over citizens, residents, and assets passing through a country's territory, are insufficient for decentralized programs with nodes located around the world. This article takes a comparative approach to explore the challenges of establishing criminal jurisdiction on cryptocurrency-related crimes. View this paper
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Articles (14)

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
10,485 Views
16 Pages

15 April 2023

In August of 2022, the United States Department of Treasury sanctioned the virtual currency mixer Tornado Cash, an open-source and fully decentralised piece of software running on the Ethereum blockchain, subsequently leading to the arrest of one of...

  • Commentary
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,179 Views
12 Pages

24 March 2023

A socio-legal commentary, this article examines the emerging issue of digital harm in New Zealand’s health settings. There are recent cases, and an increasing number of them, demonstrating the medico-legal response to various forms of digital h...

  • Essay
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,004 Views
13 Pages

20 March 2023

Unaccompanied immigrant children arrive in the US having fled deteriorating conditions and human rights violations in their home countries. Despite the large numbers of unaccompanied children, there is a lack of research on outcomes for unaccompanied...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,932 Views
15 Pages

19 March 2023

This contribution reports on a child protection case concerning the removal of a child from the custody of a parent with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in Iceland. Employing a mix of document analysis and interviewing, the results...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
8,313 Views
13 Pages

16 March 2023

Colombian hippopotamus populations are increasing against the backdrop of general species decline. In addition to wider calls for further protection, this pocket population is considered an invasive species and is subject to ongoing legal discussions...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,671 Views
26 Pages

13 March 2023

This paper is a qualitative documentary analysis of six restorative justice reporting templates used by the Offices of the Police and Crime Commissioner in England for collecting restorative justice service data. Findings identify differences in the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,767 Views
11 Pages

10 March 2023

The Croatian legislators introduced the concept of criminal liability for legal entities already in 2003 with the adoption of the Law on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities. Influenced by the writing of esteemed domestic scholars, and inspired by Fr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,074 Views
27 Pages

10 March 2023

This article outlines and critiques the Australian jurisprudence that has addressed whether minors are able to lawfully consent to gender-affirming hormone treatment, with reference to the landmark decision of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,100 Views
27 Pages

7 March 2023

The article first focuses on the significance of the Cathedral of Sts. Vitus, Wenceslas, and Adalbert to the Czech religious, national, and state identity. The importance of the cathedral is given primarily by its location (Prague Castle), as well as...

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Laws - ISSN 2075-471X