Transformation of Oxide Inclusions in Stainless Steel Containing Yttrium during Isothermal Heating at 1473 K
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Stainless Steel
2.2. Isothermal Heating
2.3. Inclusion Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Inclusions in the As-Cast Steels
3.2. Transformation of Oxide Inclusions during Isothermal Heating
4. Discussion
4.1. Internal Transformation of Inclusions
4.2. Interfacial Reaction between Inclusions and Steel Matrix
5. Conclusions
- Yttrium-based oxide inclusions in both as-cast steels were characterized. Before heating, all the inclusions were spherical, and the size of them was less than 3 μm. Homogeneous Al-Y-Si(-Mn-Cr) oxide inclusions were observed in both as-cast steels. Meanwhile, some heterogeneous inclusions with double phases were also found in steel #2 with more yttrium addition.
- After heat treatment, a gray phase with higher Y2O3 content precipitated from the original oxide inclusions, and all the inclusions transformed to heterogeneous ones with Y-rich (gray phase) and Al-rich (black phase) parts in both heated steels. The average size and number density of inclusions increased slightly, and the shape of inclusions changed from spherical to irregular.
- The transformation mechanism of yttrium-based oxide inclusions during isothermal heating was proposed to be the mutual effects of (i) internal transformation of oxide inclusions owing to the crystallization of glassy oxide and (ii) interfacial reaction between the inclusions and steel matrix.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steel | Fe | Cr | Ni | Si | Mn | Alt | Y | T.O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#1 | Bal. | 18 | 8 | 0.38 | 1.55 | 0.006 | 0.0085 | 0.011 |
#2 | Bal. | 18 | 8 | 0.38 | 1.55 | 0.010 | 0.0180 | 0.014 |
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Zhang, X.; Yang, S.; Li, J.; Wu, J. Transformation of Oxide Inclusions in Stainless Steel Containing Yttrium during Isothermal Heating at 1473 K. Metals 2019, 9, 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090961
Zhang X, Yang S, Li J, Wu J. Transformation of Oxide Inclusions in Stainless Steel Containing Yttrium during Isothermal Heating at 1473 K. Metals. 2019; 9(9):961. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090961
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xueliang, Shufeng Yang, Jingshe Li, and Jinqiang Wu. 2019. "Transformation of Oxide Inclusions in Stainless Steel Containing Yttrium during Isothermal Heating at 1473 K" Metals 9, no. 9: 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090961