WAAM Technique: Process Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Low-Carbon Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure
3.2. Tensile Strength
3.3. SEM Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Process Parameters | Characteristics | References |
---|---|---|---|
AWS ER70S-6 steel wire | Increase travel rate | Reduce the shape accuracy and surface quality | Prado-Cerqueira et al. [21] |
6061 aluminum alloy wire | Small-power pulsed arc | Increase efficiency | Lou et al. [23] |
2325 aluminum alloy wire | Cooling rate with the active cooling system | Increase wire feeding rate and reduce dwell time | Shi et al. [28] |
H08MnSi low-carbon steel wire | Increase travel rate, wire feeding rate | Surface roughness increase | Xiong et al. [30] |
Duplex stainless steel | Deposition paths | Uniform layer shape | Hosseini et al. [31] |
316L stainless steel wire | Single-wire and double-wire feed | Better surface quality | Feng et al. [32] |
Weight % | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Ni | Cr | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S20C | 0.18–0.23 | 0.15–0.35 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.03 max | 0.035 max | 0.2 max | 0.2 max | 0.3 max |
Weight % | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Ni | Cr | Mo | V | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER 70S-6 | 0.06–0.15 | 1.40–1.85 | 0.80–1.15 | 0.025 max | 0.035 max | 0.15 max | 0.15 max | 0.15 max | 0.03 max | 0.05 max |
Sample | Travel Rate (mm·min−1) | Voltage (V) | Intensity (A) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Group 1 | 300 | 22 | 170 |
2 | 350 | 22 | 170 | |
3 | 400 | 22 | 170 | |
4 | Group 2 | 300 | 24 | 170 |
5 | 350 | 24 | 170 | |
6 | 400 | 24 | 170 | |
7 | Group 3 | 300 | 24 | 120 |
8 | 350 | 24 | 120 | |
9 | 400 | 24 | 120 | |
10 | Group 4 | 300 | 22 | 120 |
11 | 350 | 22 | 120 | |
12 | 400 | 22 | 120 |
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grain size (µm2) | 90 | 84 | 103 | 166 | 62 | 94 | 107 | 137 | 147 | 207 | 117 | 79 |
Level | Travel Rate | Voltage | Intensity |
---|---|---|---|
1 | −42.60 | −40.90 | −42.05 |
2 | −40.25 | −41.95 | −40.80 |
Delta | 2.34 | 1.05 | 1.25 |
Rank | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Sample | Yield Strength (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 519 | 631 | 48 41 |
2 | 509 | 625 | 41 |
3 | 492 | 599 | 41 |
4 | 495 | 602 | 52 |
5 | 518 | 626 | 41 |
6 | 499 | 611 | 54 |
7 | 496 | 608 | 56 |
8 | 590 | 694 | 46 |
9 | 514 | 616 | 56 |
10 | 512 | 601 | 55 |
11 | 511 | 618 | 57 |
12 | 521 | 618 | 54 |
Level | Travel Rate | Voltage | Intensity |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 55.71 | 55.74 | 55.72 |
2 | 55.72 | 55.70 | 55.72 |
Delta | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Rank | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Level | Travel Rate | Voltage | Intensity |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 34.43 | 33.83 | 34.85 |
2 | 34.13 | 34.72 | 33.71 |
Delta | 0.30 | 0.89 | 1.13 |
Rank | 3 | 2 | 1 |
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Nguyen, V.-T.; Minh, P.S.; Uyen, T.M.T.; Do, T.T.; Ngoc, H.V.T.; Le, M.-T.; Tien Nguyen, V.T. WAAM Technique: Process Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Low-Carbon Steel. Metals 2023, 13, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050873
Nguyen V-T, Minh PS, Uyen TMT, Do TT, Ngoc HVT, Le M-T, Tien Nguyen VT. WAAM Technique: Process Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Low-Carbon Steel. Metals. 2023; 13(5):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050873
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Van-Thuc, Pham Son Minh, Tran Minh The Uyen, Thanh Trung Do, Han Vuong Thi Ngoc, Minh-Tai Le, and Van Thanh Tien Nguyen. 2023. "WAAM Technique: Process Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Low-Carbon Steel" Metals 13, no. 5: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050873