In Situ Observation of Solidification and Crystallization of Low-Alloy Steels: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brief Description of Experimental Apparatus for In Situ Characterization
2.1. Instrumentation of a High-Temperature Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope
2.2. Special Design of Instrumentation for Solidification Research
2.2.1. Concentric Solidification Technique
2.2.2. Combinational Approach
3. Crystallization and Microstructure Evolution during Solidification by HT-CLSM
3.1. In Situ Observation of Crystallization during Solidification of Low-Alloy Steels
3.2. Microstructure Evolution from Delta-Ferrite to Austenite in Low-Alloy Steels
3.3. Subsequent Microstructure Evolution during Austenite Decomposition in Low-Alloy Steels
4. Other In Situ Characterization Methodologies Used for the Crystallization of Low-Alloy Steels
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors (Year) | Alloy System | Highlighted Key Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Chikama et al. (1996) | Fe-C (0.2, 0.83) | growth of planner/cellular/dendritic transition | [9] |
Yin et al. (1998) | Fe-C (0.04) | free energy of γ/δ can be obtained by measuring the dihedral angle | [12] |
Yin et al. (1999) | Fe-C (0.04) | morphological instability of δ/γ interphase boundary was observed | [87] |
Shibata et al. (2000) | Fe-C (0.14, 0.42) | peritectic reaction and transformation of steels were firstly analyzed using HT-CLSM | [10] |
McDonald et al. (2003) | Fe-Ni (4.3, 4.7) | peritectic reaction increased with increased undercooling | [88] |
Phelan et al. (2004) | Fe-C (0.06) | γ grew preferentially along δ sub-boundaries | [22] |
Reid et al. (2004) | Fe-C (0.17, 0.42) | concentric solidification technique has been firstly reported | [19] |
Arai et al. (2005) | Fe-Ni (3.7, 5.1, 5.3) | initial stages of the peritectic transformation have been clearly observed | [11] |
Liu et al. (2006) | Fe-C | the effect of phosphorus and cooling rates on the δ→γ transformation was reported | [89] |
Phelan et al. (2006) | Fe-C (0.18) | the L/δ interface propagated at a higher velocity than the γ/δ interface at a higher cooling rate | [21] |
Phelan et al. (2008) | Fe-C (0.18) | a new mechanism that the peritectic reaction was controlled by the rate of heat dissipation released by the growing γ along the L/δ interface | [90] |
Presoly et al. (2013) | Fe-C (0.08–0.25) | phase transformation of steels during the heating process observed by DSC and HT-SLCM | [5] |
Griesser et al. (2014) | Fe-C and Fe-Ni | the dependency of the early nucleation process on the presence of solute diffusion fields of the newly forming cluster was firstly clarified | [23] |
Griesser et al. (2014) | Fe-C (0.1, 0.18, 0.43) | three different modes of peritectic transformation were reported based on different undercooling conditions | [24] |
Griesser et al. (2014) | Fe-C and Fe-Ni | re-melting of δ during the peritectic reaction has been clearly observed | [91] |
Moon et al. (2015) | Fe-C (0.05–0.44) | potential countermeasures to avoid surface defects during steel casting were proposed | [26] |
Hechu et al. (2017) | Fe-C (0.07, 0.11) | solidification of peritectic steels was observed by DSC and HT-SLCM | [6] |
Luo et al. (2020) | Fe-C (0.83) | peritectic solidification has been clearly investigated by the phase modeling method | [86] |
Moon et al. (2021) | Fe-C (0.06, 0.18, 0.45) | a new technique was developed through a spatial combination of a DTA and an HT-CLSM | [92] |
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Wang, Y.; Wang, Q.; Mu, W. In Situ Observation of Solidification and Crystallization of Low-Alloy Steels: A Review. Metals 2023, 13, 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030517
Wang Y, Wang Q, Mu W. In Situ Observation of Solidification and Crystallization of Low-Alloy Steels: A Review. Metals. 2023; 13(3):517. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030517
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yong, Qiang Wang, and Wangzhong Mu. 2023. "In Situ Observation of Solidification and Crystallization of Low-Alloy Steels: A Review" Metals 13, no. 3: 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030517