Multicomponent Exercise and Functional Fitness: Strategies for Fall Prevention in Aging Women
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Anthropometry and Body Composition
2.3.2. Assessment of Functional Fitness
- Lower limb strength: 30 s chair stand test, measuring the number of full stands from a seated position.
- Upper limb strength: arm curl test using a 2 kg dumbbell, counting the number of repetitions performed in 30 s.
- Lower body flexibility: chair sit-and-reach test, with the distance (in centimeters) measured between the extended fingertips and the toes.
- Upper body flexibility: back scratch test, measuring the distance (in centimeters) between the middle fingers of each hand.
- Agility: Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, which records the time (in seconds) required to stand up from a chair, walk 3 m, turn around, return, and sit down.
- Aerobic endurance: 2 min step test, counting the number of steps completed while raising the knees to hip level.
2.3.3. Multicomponent Training Program
- Warm-up (10 min): dynamic stretches, mobility exercises, and light jogging.
- Strength training (20 min): exercises using free weights, dumbbells, and kettlebells, targeting major muscle groups including upper limbs, lower limbs, and core.
- Balance and coordination training (10 min): activities such as single-leg exercises, plyometric movements, and tasks involving unstable surfaces.
- Aerobic training (15 min): dynamic and rhythmic movements like lateral jumps, jumping jacks, running in place, and heel raises.
- Cool-down (5 min): static stretches for upper and lower limbs and trunk, plus guided breathing exercises.
2.3.4. Pre-Test and Post-Test Evaluations
2.3.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ismail, Z.; Ahmad, W.I.W.; Hamjah, S.H.; Astina, I.K. The Impact of Population Ageing: A Review. Iran. J. Public Health 2021, 50, 2451–2460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ageing and Health [Internet]. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health (accessed on 20 December 2024).
- Bárrios, M.J.; Marques, R.; Fernandes, A.A. Aging with health: Aging in place strategies of a Portuguese population aged 65 years or older. Rev. Saude Publica 2020, 54, 129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ageing Europe—Statistics on Population Developments [Internet]. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Ageing_Europe_-_statistics_on_population_developments (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Rony, M.K.K.; Parvin, M.R.; Wahiduzzaman, M.d.; Akter, K.; Ullah, M. Challenges and Advancements in the Health-Related Quality of Life of Older People. Adv. Public Health 2024, 2024, 8839631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dharmarajan, T.S. Physiology of Aging. In Geriatr Gastroenterol; Pitchumoni, C.S., Dharmarajan, T.S., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 1–54. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90761-1_5-1 (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Larsson, L.; Degens, H.; Li, M.; Salviati, L.; Lee, Y.I.; Thompson, W.; Kirkland, J.L.; Sandri, M. Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function. Physiol. Rev. 2019, 99, 427–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mi, B.; Xiong, Y.; Knoedler, S.; Alfertshofer, M.; Panayi, A.C.; Wang, H.; Lin, S.; Li, G.; Liu, G. Ageing-related bone and immunity changes: Insights into the complex interplay between the skeleton and the immune system. Bone Res. 2024, 12, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Völter, C.; Thomas, J.P.; Maetzler, W.; Guthoff, R.; Grunwald, M.; Hummel, T. Sensory Dysfunction in Old Age. Dtsch. Ärzteblatt Int. 2021, 118, 512–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seidler, R.D.; Bernard, J.A.; Burutolu, T.B.; Fling, B.W.; Gordon, M.T.; Gwin, J.T.; Kwak, Y.; Lipps, D.B. Motor Control and Aging: Links to Age-Related Brain Structural, Functional, and Biochemical Effects. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010, 34, 721–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kohler, R.; Rorato, P.; Braga, A.L.F.; Velho, R.B.; Krause, M.P. Effects of Aging and Exercise on the Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Older Women. Rev. Bras. Geriatr. Gerontol. 2016, 19, 603–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrucci, L.; Cooper, R.; Shardell, M.; Simonsick, E.M.; Schrack, J.A.; Kuh, D. Age-Related Change in Mobility: Perspectives from Life Course Epidemiology and Geroscience. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci. 2016, 71, 1184–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oduro, J.K.; Okyere, J.; Nyador, J.K.M.T. Risky health behaviours and chronic conditions among aged persons: Analysis of SAGE selected countries. BMC Geriatr. 2023, 23, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montero-Odasso, M.; Van Der Velde, N.; Martin, F.C.; Petrovic, M.; Tan, M.P.; Ryg, J.; Aguilar-Navarro, S.; Alexander, N.B.; Becker, C.; Blain, H.; et al. World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: A global initiative. Age Ageing 2022, 51, afac205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dionyssiotis, Y. Analyzing the problem of falls among older people. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2012, 5, 805–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cunningham, C.; O’Sullivan, R.; Caserotti, P.; Tully, M.A. Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2020, 30, 816–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Langhammer, B.; Bergland, A.; Rydwik, E. The Importance of Physical Activity Exercise Among Older People. BioMed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 7856823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vaishya, R.; Vaish, A. Falls in Older Adults are Serious. Indian J. Orthop. 2020, 54, 69–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, R.L.; Cassells, J.S. Falls in Older Persons: Risk Factors and Prevention. In The Second Fifty Years: Promoting Health and Preventing Disability; National Academies Press (US): Washington, DC, USA, 1992. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235613/ (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Giovannini, S.; Brau, F.; Galluzzo, V.; Santagada, D.A.; Loreti, C.; Biscotti, L.; Laudisio, A.; Zuccala, G.; Bernabei, R. Falls Among Older Adults: Screening, Identification, Rehabilitation, and Management. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 7934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, D.; Tak, S.H. A concept analysis of fear of falling in older adults: Insights from qualitative research studies. BMC Geriatr. 2023, 23, 651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, C.R.; Mascarenhas-Melo, F.; Rodrigues, A.R.; Lima, M.J.R.; Pinheiro, J.P.; Chaves, C.; Teixeira-Lemos, E.; Bell, V. Characterisation of institutionalised Portuguese older adult fallers: Is there a place for pharmacist intervention? A preliminary study. Pharm. Pract. 2022, 20, 2717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuller, G.F. Falls in the elderly. Am. Fam. Physician 2000, 61, 2159–2168. [Google Scholar]
- Tropeções, Quedas e Trambolhões [Internet]. Available online: https://www.sns.gov.pt/noticias/2017/12/19/tropecoes-quedas-e-trambolhoes/ (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Chidume, T. Promoting older adult fall prevention education and awareness in a community setting: A nurse-led intervention. Appl. Nurs. Res. 2021, 57, 151392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garatachea, N.; Pareja-Galeano, H.; Sanchis-Gomar, F.; Santos-Lozano, A.; Fiuza-Luces, C.; Morán, M.; Emanuele, E.; Joyner, M.J.; Lucia, A. Exercise attenuates the major hallmarks of aging. Rejuvenation Res. 2015, 18, 57–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, M.; Min, L.; Xu, N.; Huang, L.; Li, X. The Effect of Exercise Intervention on Reducing the Fall Risk in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sherrington, C.; Fairhall, N.; Kwok, W.; Wallbank, G.; Tiedemann, A.; Michaleff, Z.A.; Ng, C.A.; Bauman, A. Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: Systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020, 17, 144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadaqa, M.; Németh, Z.; Makai, A.; Prémusz, V.; Hock, M. Effectiveness of exercise interventions on fall prevention in ambulatory community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. Front. Public Health 2023, 11, 1209319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sherrington, C.; Michaleff, Z.A.; Fairhall, N.; Paul, S.S.; Tiedemann, A.; Whitney, J.; Cumming, R.G.; Herbert, R.D.; Close, J.C.; Lord, S.R. Exercise to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2017. Available online: https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/24/1750 (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Sherrington, C.; Fairhall, N.J.; Wallbank, G.K.; Tiedemann, A.; Michaleff, Z.A.; Howard, K.; Clemson, L.; Hopewell, S.; Lamb, S.E. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019, 1, CD012424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dyer, S.M.; Suen, J.; Kwok, W.S.; Dawson, R.; McLennan, C.; Cameron, I.D.; Hill, K.D.; Sherrington, C. Exercise for falls prevention in aged care: Systematic review and trial endpoint meta-analyses. Age Ageing 2023, 52, afad217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murray, K.O.; Mahoney, S.A.; Venkatasubramanian, R.; Seals, D.R.; Clayton, Z.S. Aging, aerobic exercise, and cardiovascular health: Barriers, alternative strategies and future directions. Exp. Gerontol. 2023, 173, 112105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chapman, S.B.; Aslan, S.; Spence, J.S.; DeFina, L.F.; Keebler, M.W.; Didehbani, N.; Lu, H. Shorter term aerobic exercise improves brain, cognition, and cardiovascular fitness in aging. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2013, 5, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavin, K.M.; Roberts, B.M.; Fry, C.S.; Moro, T.; Rasmussen, B.B.; Bamman, M.M. The Importance of Resistance Exercise Training to Combat Neuromuscular Aging. Physiology 2019, 34, 112–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cannataro, R.; Cione, E.; Bonilla, D.A.; Cerullo, G.; Angelini, F.; D’Antona, G. Strength training in elderly: An useful tool against sarcopenia. Front. Sports Act. Living 2022, 4, 950949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunsky, A. The Effect of Balance and Coordination Exercises on Quality of Life in Older Adults: A Mini-Review. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2019, 11, 318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dunsky, A.; Unger, L.; Carasso, R.; Fox, O. The Effect of a Single Session of Balance and Coordination Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 3598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labata-Lezaun, N.; Gonzalez-Rueda, V.; Llurda-Almuzara, L.; Lopez-de-Celis, C.; Rodriguez-Sanz, J.; Bosch, J.; Vicente-Rodriguez, G.; Gorczakowska, D.; Araluze-Arizti, P.; Perez-Bellmunt, A. Effectiveness of multicomponent training on physical performance in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2023, 104, 104838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, F.; Matos, R.; Jacinto, M.; Antunes, R.; Monteiro, D.; Amaro, N. A Comparison of Multicomponent and Concurrent Exercise Protocols on Muscle Strength in Older Adults. Motricidade 2024, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casas-Herrero, Á.; Saez de Asteasu, M.L.; Antón-Rodrigo, I.; Sánchez-Sánchez, J.L.; Montero-Odasso, M.; Marín-Epelde, I.; Ramón-Espinoza, F.; Zambom-Ferraresi, F.; Petidier-Torregrosa, R.; Elexpuru-Estomba, J.; et al. Effects of Vivifrail multicomponent intervention on functional capacity: A multicentre, randomized controlled trial. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022, 13, 884–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kruse, A.; Cordes, T.; Schulz, S.; Wollesen, B. Feasibility of Multicomponent Training for People with Moderate to Severe Dementia Living in a Long-Term Care Home: A Social Ethical Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Philippe, A.G.; Goncalves, A.; Martinez, C.; Deshayes, M.; Charbonnier, E. Can an Eight-Session Multicomponent Physical Exercise Program Reduce Fall Risk and Fear of Falling among the Elderly? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadaqa, M.; Debes, W.A.; Németh, Z.; Bera-Baka, Z.; Vachtler-Szepesi, M.; Nácziné Földes, L.; Prémusz, V.; Hock, M. Multicomponent Exercise Intervention for Preventing Falls and Improving Physical Functioning in Older Nursing Home Residents: A Single-Blinded Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dolenc, M.; Knific, T.; Tomažin, K. A multicomponent exercise programme to prevent falls and frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Eur. J. Public Health 2023, 33, ckad133.174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Sánchez, J.L.; Udina, C.; Medina-Rincón, A.; Esbrí-Victor, M.; Bartolomé-Martín, I.; Moral-Cuesta, D.; Marín-Epelde, I.; Ramon-Espinoza, F.; Latorre, M.S.; Idoate, F.; et al. Effect of a multicomponent exercise program and cognitive stimulation (VIVIFRAIL-COGN) on falls in frail community older persons with high risk of falls: Study protocol for a randomized multicenter control trial. BMC Geriatr. 2022, 22, 612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osuka, Y.; Nofuji, Y.; Seino, S.; Maruo, K.; Oka, H.; Shinkai, S.; Fujiwara, Y.; Sasai, H. The effect of a multicomponent intervention on occupational fall-related factors in older workers: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J. Occup. Health 2022, 64, e12374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sedaghati, P.; Goudarzian, M.; Ahmadabadi, S.; Tabatabai-Asl, S. The impact of a multicomponent-functional training with postural correction on functional balance in the elderly with a history of falling. J. Exp. Orthop. 2022, 9, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linhares, D.G.; Borba-Pinheiro, C.J.; de Castro, J.B.P.; dos Santos, A.O.B.; dos Santos, L.L.; Cordeiro, L.D.S.; Drigo, A.J.; Nunes, R.D.A.M.; Vale, R.G.D.S. Effects of Multicomponent Exercise Training on the Health of Older Women with Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, K.; Prado, L.; de Almeida, M.; Yamada, A.; Finzeto, L.; Bueno Junior, C. Effects of Combined Versus Multicomponent Training in Physically Active Women Aged 50–75 Years. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2022, 93, 710–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cancela Carral, J.; Rodrigues, L.; Bezerra, P. The Long-Term Benefits of a Multicomponent Physical Activity Program to Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Cardiorespiratory Capacity, and Bone Mineral Density in a Group of Nonagenarians. Rejuvenation Res. 2019, 23, 217–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Healthy Ageing and Functional Ability [Internet]. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/healthy-ageing-and-functional-ability (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Talaulikar, V. Menopause transition: Physiology and symptoms. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2022, 81, 3–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gale, C.R.; Cooper, C.; Aihie Sayer, A. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016, 45, 789–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Q.; Fu, H. Relationship between proprioception and balance control among Chinese senior older adults. Front. Physiol. 2022, 13, 1078087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sobrinho, A.; Almeida, M.; Rodrigues, G.; Bertani, R.; Lima, J.; Bueno Junior, C. Stretching and Multicomponent Training to Functional Capacities of Older Women: A Randomized Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 19, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monteiro, A.; Rodrigues, S.; Matos, S.; Teixeira, J.; Barbosa, T.; Forte, P. The Effects of 32 Weeks of Multicomponent Training with Different Exercises Order in Elderly Women’s Functional Fitness and Body Composition. Medicina 2022, 58, 628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, A.-W.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Altman, D.G.; Laupacis, A.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Krleža-Jerić, K.; Hróbjartsson, A.; Mann, H.; Dickersin, K.; Berlin, J.A.; et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann. Intern. Med. 2013, 158, 200–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eldridge, S.M.; Chan, C.L.; Campbell, M.J.; Bond, C.M.; Hopewell, S.; Thabane, L.; Lancaster, G.A. CONSORT 2010 statement: Extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. BMJ 2016, 355, i5239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review—PMC. Available online: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4890841/ (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- A Healthy Lifestyle—WHO Recommendations [Internet]. Available online: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Rikli, R.E.; Jones, C.J. Development and Validation of a Functional Fitness Test for Community-Residing Older Adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 1999, 7, 129–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalho, M.; Marques, E.; Mota, J. Training and detraining effects on functional fitness after a multicomponent training in older women. Gerontology 2009, 55, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izquierdo, M.; Merchant, R.A.; Morley, J.E.; Anker, S.D.; Aprahamian, I.; Arai, H.; Aubertin-Leheudre, M.; Bernabei, R.; Cadore, E.L.; Cesari, M.; et al. International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2021, 25, 824–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hanusz, Z.; Tarasinska, J.; Zieliński, W. Shapiro–Wilk Test with Known Mean. REVSTAT-Stat. J. 2016, 14, 89–100. [Google Scholar]
- Gastwirth, J.; Gel, Y.; Miao, W. The Impact of Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances on Statistical Theory and Practice. Stat. Sci. 2010, 24, 343–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sawyer, S. Analysis of Variance: The Fundamental Concepts. J. Man. Manip. Ther. 2009, 17, 27E–38E. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrade, C. The P Value and Statistical Significance: Misunderstandings, Explanations, Challenges, and Alternatives. Indian J. Psychol. Med. 2019, 41, 210–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, F.; Teixeira, J.E.; Forte, P. The Reliability of the Timed Up and Go Test Among Portuguese Elderly. Healthcare 2023, 11, 928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barry, E.; Galvin, R.; Keogh, C.; Horgan, F.; Fahey, T. Is the Timed Up and Go Test a Useful Predictor of Risk of Falls in Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2014, 14, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Timed Up and Go Test—An Overview|ScienceDirect Topics [Internet]. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/timed-up-and-go-test (accessed on 14 May 2025).
- Halma, M.; Marik, P.; Varon, J.; Tuszynski, J. Reversing Decline in Aging Muscles: Expected Trends, Impacts and Remedies. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, K.H.; Bok, S.K.; Kim, Y.-J.; Hwang, S.L. Effect of Lower Limb Strength on Falls and Balance of the Elderly. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2012, 36, 386–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Almeida Nagata, C.; Hamu, T.C.D.D.S.; Pelicioni, P.H.S.; Durigan, J.L.Q.; Garcia, P.A. Influence of lower limb isokinetic muscle strength and power on the occurrence of falls in community-dwelling older adults: A longitudinal study. PLoS ONE 2024, 19, e0300818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Porto, J.M.; Cangussu-Oliveira, L.M.; Freire Junior, R.C.; Vieira, F.T.; Capato, L.L.; de Oliveira, B.G.M.; de Abreu, D.C.C. Relationship Between Lower Limb Muscle Strength and Future Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults with No History of Falls: A Prospective 1-Year Study. J. Appl. Gerontol. 2021, 40, 339–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, R.T.L.; Zuo, J.J.J.; Li, K.J.; Lam, F.M.H.; Wong, A.Y.L.; Yang, L.; Bai, X.; Wong, M.S.; Kwok, T.; Zheng, Y.P.; et al. Association of lower-limb strength with different fall histories or prospective falls in community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2025, 25, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arrieta, H.; Rezola-Pardo, C.; Gil, S.M.; Virgala, J.; Iturburu, M.; Antón, I.; González-Templado, V.; Irazusta, J.; Rodriguez-Larrad, A. Effects of Multicomponent Exercise on Frailty in Long-Term Nursing Homes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2019, 67, 1145–1151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Souto Barreto, P.; Cesari, M.; Denormandie, P.; Armaingaud, D.; Vellas, B.; Rolland, Y. Exercise or Social Intervention for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia: A Pilot Randomized, Controlled Trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2017, 65, E123–E129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sousa, N.; Mendes, R.; Silva, A.; Oliveira, J. Combined exercise is more effective than aerobic exercise in the improvement of fall risk factors: A randomized controlled trial in community-dwelling older men. Clin. Rehabil. 2017, 31, 478–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Group (n) | Age (Mean ± SD) | Median | Min./Max. Age | BMI (Mean ± SD) | Median | Min./Max. BMI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (20) | 68.5 ± 5.24 | 67 | 61/82 | 31.25 kg/m2 ± 5.97 | 30.34 | 23.47/47.58 | 0.89 |
Multicomponent Training (20) | 68.8 ± 6.35 | 68.5 | 60/86 | 29.67 kg/m2 ± 5.98 | 28.01 | 20.10/40.78 | 0.40 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Schneider, A.; Leite, L.B.; Teixeira, J.; Forte, P.; Barbosa, T.M.; Monteiro, A.M. Multicomponent Exercise and Functional Fitness: Strategies for Fall Prevention in Aging Women. Sports 2025, 13, 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13060159
Schneider A, Leite LB, Teixeira J, Forte P, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Multicomponent Exercise and Functional Fitness: Strategies for Fall Prevention in Aging Women. Sports. 2025; 13(6):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13060159
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchneider, André, Luciano Bernardes Leite, José Teixeira, Pedro Forte, Tiago M. Barbosa, and António M. Monteiro. 2025. "Multicomponent Exercise and Functional Fitness: Strategies for Fall Prevention in Aging Women" Sports 13, no. 6: 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13060159
APA StyleSchneider, A., Leite, L. B., Teixeira, J., Forte, P., Barbosa, T. M., & Monteiro, A. M. (2025). Multicomponent Exercise and Functional Fitness: Strategies for Fall Prevention in Aging Women. Sports, 13(6), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13060159