The Effects of Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Literature Search Strategy
2.3. Eligibility Criteria and Study Selection
- Population (P): Adults aged ≥65, with or without sarcopenia.
- Intervention (I): Physical exercise programs of ≥8 weeks duration.
- Comparator (C): Alternative interventions or control groups.
- Outcome (O): Muscle strength/function, fall risk reduction, and functional capacity.
2.4. Software
2.5. Quality Assessment
- Excellent (26–28 points)
- Good (20–25 points)
- Fair (15–19 points)
- Poor (<14 points)
2.6. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Selection of Studies
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations an Future Perspectives
5. Main Findings
5.1. Practical Applications
- Training for non-specialist professionals: Healthcare workers who engage with older adults—such as nurses, general practitioners, and caregivers—should receive specific training in exercise prescription. This should include knowledge of exercise types, intensity management, progression, and adaptation for common conditions such as sarcopenia, frailty, or chronic diseases.
- Personalization of interventions: Programs must be tailored to the individual characteristics of each older adult, considering not only physical capacity but also cognitive function, comorbidities, and sensory deficits (e.g., vision or hearing impairments).
- Multidisciplinary approach: Collaboration between sports scientists, physiotherapists, physicians, and social workers is essential to ensure a comprehensive and integrative strategy that goes beyond physical function and addresses overall well-being.
- Monitoring and motivation: Regular assessment of adherence, progress, and satisfaction—combined with motivational strategies—will help maintain engagement and long-term benefits.
- Infrastructure and accessibility: Exercise programs should be designed considering the environmental, economic, and logistical realities of the target population to ensure accessibility, equity, and inclusion.
5.2. Future Research Approach
- Conducting multicenter trials with standardized protocols to improve the generalizability of results.
- Investigating long-term outcomes, such as reduced hospitalization rates or preserved autonomy.
- Exploring the cost-effectiveness of implementing these programs in primary care or community settings.
- Evaluating the role of digital tools (e.g., wearable sensors or mobile apps) to support supervision, feedback, and remote interventions for older adults with mobility or geographic limitations.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
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Authors | Study Design (RCT) º | Sample Size | Age Range | p-Value | Sex | Population (*) |
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Huang, 2023 [16] | RCT | n = 56 | Tai Chi: 69.70 ± 5.05 Control: 72.14 ± 4.79 | p = 0.07 | F = 25 M = 31 | China |
Johnen, 2018 [17] | Two-arm, single-blind, RCT | n = 29 | MT 78.9 ± 9.11 FWT 89.0 ± 2.80 | p = 0.001 | F = 20 M = 9 | Germany |
Kemmler, 2020 [18] | RCT | n = 39 | Exercise 77.8 ± 3.6 Control 79.2 ± 4.7 | p = 0.262 | M = 39 | Germany |
LaStayo, 2017 [19] | Four-arm RCT | n = 134 | RENEW 76.59 ± 7.39 TRAD 75.59 ± 6.98 | p = 0.42 | F = 87 M = 47 | United States |
Mieszkowski, 2018 [20] | RCT | n = 42 | 69.02 ± 5.57 | Not specified | F = 42 | Germany |
Mile, 2021 [21] | RCT | n = 35 | ACEi: 66.17 ± 1.18 Control: 66.55 ± 1.29 | Not specified | F = 35 | Hungary |
Minett, 2020 [22] | Pilot RCT | n = 85 | WALK: 75.8 ± 3.15 W + Exercise: 77.1 ± 4.90 | Not specified | F = 48 M = 37 | Germany |
Nayasista, 2022 [23] | RCT | n = 20 | Treatment: 75.4 ± 4.88 Control: 72.3 ± 4.30 | p = 0.149 | _ | Indonesia |
Rodrigues, 2022 [24] | Prospective clinical RCT | n = 27 | MSEG: 86.37 ± 3.59 Control: 87 ± 4 | p = 0.589 | F = 20 M = 7 | Portugal |
Timon, 2021 [25] | RCT | n = 54 | Control: 70.55 ± 4.0 NT: 70.35 ± 3.3 HT: 68.46 ± 3.8 | p = 0.508 | F = 54 | Spain |
Turunen, 2022 [26] | RCT | n = 291 | PTCT: 74.4 ± 3.9 PT: 74.5 ± 3.7 | Not specified | F = 188 M = 103 | Finland |
Study | Frequency | Intensity | Type | Session Duration | Intervention Duration | Co-Intervention |
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Huang, 2023 [16] | 3/week | Borg CR-10 ≤ 4 (low-moderate) | Tai Chi (multicomponent) | 40 min | 12 weeks | No |
Johnen, 2018 [17] | 2/week | MT: 50–80% 8RM/FWT: RPE 12 | Strength (machines or dumbbells) | 45–60 min | 12 weeks | No |
Kemmler, 2020 [18] | 2/week | High: RM, nRM, drop sets, supersets | Strength (machines, periodized) | ~45–60 min | ≥24 weeks (estimated) | Supplementation |
LaStayo, 2017 [19] | 3/week | TRAD: 60–70% 1RM/RENEW: Borg 7–13 | Multicomponent + strength (TRAD or RENEW) | 60 min | 12 weeks | No |
Mieszkowski, 2018 [20] | 3/week | MI-NW: 60–70% HR/HI-NW: intervals + 70% HR | Nordic Walking (continuous vs. HIIT) | 60 min | 12 weeks | No |
Mile, 2021 [21] | 2/week | TRX: moderate (individualized)/Cardio: 50–55% HRmax | Functional multicomponent (TRX, cardio, fitball, stretching) | 55 min | 24 weeks | No |
Minett, 2020 [22] | WALK: 5/week, W + EX: 5/week | Moderate (walking)/progressive (strength and balance) | Aerobic/Functional multicomponent | 30 min/day | 12 weeks | Nutritional education |
Nayasista, 2022 [23] | Aerobic: 7/week, Locomotor: 3/week | Aerobic: 40–70% HRmax/Locomotor: low-moderate | Multicomponent: aerobic + balance/functional strength | 30–60 min approx. | 8 weeks | No |
Rodrigues, 2022 [24] | 3/week | RPE 6–7 (moderate to moderately high) | Strength with bands + proprioceptive balance | ~45 min | 40 weeks | No |
Timon, 2021 [25] | 3/week | RPE 6–8, progressive with bands and kettlebells | Functional strength (bands + loads) | 45 min | 24 weeks | Hypoxia (HT group only) |
Turunen, 2022 [26] | 4–5/week (2 supervised + 2–3 home) | Moderate-high (6RM-based, progressive) | Multicomponent + cognitive training (PTCT) | ~60 min | 52 weeks (12 months) | Cognitive training (PTCT) |
Authors | Goals | Measurement (Instruments) | Outcomes |
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Huang, 2023 [16] | To explore the effect of 12 weeks of Tai Chi on neuromuscular responses and postural control in elderly patients with sarcopenia. |
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Johnen, 2018 [17] | To assess the feasibility of a machine-based versus free weight strength training program and its effects on physical performance in nursing home residents |
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Kemmler, 2020 [18] | To assess the effects of dynamic resistance training (DRT) on osteopenia and sarcopenia parameters in community-dwelling men aged 72 years and older with osteosarcopenia. |
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LaStayo, 2017 [19] | To investigate the effects of a multi-component exercise, fall reduction program (MCEFRP) on reducing fall risk in older adults. |
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Mieszkowski, 2018 [20] | To assess the effects of Nordic Walking (NW) combined with different doses of Vitamin D supplementation on body composition, postural control, muscle strength, and functional performance in elderly women. |
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Mile, 2021 [21] | To assess the effect of a 6-month regular functional exercise training program on patients with sarcopenia, focusing on improvements in muscle strength, body composition, and physical performance. |
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Minett, 2020 [22] | To assess the impact of different exercise and nutrition interventions on dietary intake, anthropometrics, body composition, muscle density, intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), muscle function, and mobility measures |
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Nayasista, 2022 [23] | To analyze the effect of combined locomotor training and aerobic exercise on muscle strength in elderly individuals with locomotive syndrome stage 1. |
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Rodrigues, 2022 [24] | To assess the impact of a Muscular Strength Exercise (MSE) program on postural stability and fall risk in octogenarian residents of nursing homes, and to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the exercise intervention compared to a control group. |
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Timon, 2021 [25] | To analyze if strength training under moderate normobaric hypoxia improves functional fitness and reduces fear of falling in healthy older adults, without negatively affecting balance. |
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Turunen, 2022 [26] | To investigate whether combined cognitive and physical training offers additional benefits for fall prevention compared to physical training alone in older adults. |
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Cabrolier-Molina, J.; Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effects of Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review. Sports 2025, 13, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13050152
Cabrolier-Molina J, Martín-Rodríguez A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. The Effects of Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review. Sports. 2025; 13(5):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13050152
Chicago/Turabian StyleCabrolier-Molina, Jeremy, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez. 2025. "The Effects of Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review" Sports 13, no. 5: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13050152
APA StyleCabrolier-Molina, J., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2025). The Effects of Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review. Sports, 13(5), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13050152