Solid Lubricants Used in Extreme Conditions Experienced in Machining: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Developments and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Solid Lubricants: Classification, Types, and Machining Applications
2.1. High-Temperature Solid Lubricants Used in Machining
2.1.1. Carbon-Based Lubricants
Graphite
Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC)
2.1.2. Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Compounds (TMDs)
Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2)
2.1.3. Oxides
Boric Acid (H₃BO₃)
2.1.4. Alkaline Earth
Calcium Fluoride (CaF2)
2.1.5. Soft Metals
3. Exploring Solid Lubricants in Machining
3.1. Turning
3.2. Milling
3.3. Grinding
3.4. Drilling
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tool/ Workpiece | Solid Lubricant | Method of Application | Most Significant Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry Solid Lubricants | ||||
Cemented carbide tool AISI 1045 steel | Graphite | Textured tool with 150 µm diameter micro-holes filled with graphite | Decreased cutting temperature by reducing the CoF at the tool/chip interface compared to the tool without texture. Improved tool life when using the textured tool. | [44] |
Cemented carbide tool Aluminum 7075-T6 | MoS2; Carbon nanotube (CNT) (separately) | Textured tool with micro-holes filled with solid lubricants | Reduced cutting forces when using CNT textured tool compared to other conditions. | [45] |
Ceramic tool (Al2O3 + TiC) 40Cr | CaF2 | Added CaF2 and CaF2@Al2O3 to the ceramic tool by hot pressing (HP) method with different concentration | Improved flank wear and surface roughness when using all CaF2@Al2O3 concentrations compared to the ceramic tool. Decreased cutting force and temperature when using vol 10% of CaF2@Al2O3. | [39] |
Cemented carbide tool Al6061-T6 | MoS2 | Textured tools filled with solid lubricant in powder form | Reduced cutting tool temperature and decreased flank wear when using this technique compared to the conventional method. | [46] |
Cemented carbide tool Hardened steel | MoS2 | Drill micro-holes on the tool faces (flank and rake) filled with a solid lubricant | Decreased cutting forces for all tool conditions compared to conventional tools. Improved tool life when drilling micro-holes on the flank face. | [47] |
Ceramic tool (Al2O3/Ti(C,N)) 40Cr | CaF2 | Added CaF2@Al(OH)3 to the ceramic tool by heterogeneous nucleation method | Decreased cutting temperature and surface roughness with this method compared to the ceramic tool. Improved tool life by increasing wear resistance properties of ceramic tools. | [48] |
Solid Lubricants—Coated/Sprayed | ||||
Ceramic tools AISI 52,100 | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | Solid lubricants with an average particle size of 2 µm sprayed on the machining region | Lower surface roughness and cutting force were obtained by using the solid lubricants compared to the dry condition. MoS2 outperformed graphite in terms of surface roughness and cutting forces. | [48] |
Ceramic (Al2O3/TiC)tool AISI 4340 steel | MoS2 | Textured tools with different patterns filled with solid lubricant | Reduced cutting forces and tool wear. Decreased coefficient of friction in tool/chip interface compared to conventional methods. Texture patterns may affect machining performance | [49] |
Ceramic (Al2O3/TiC)Tool AISI 52,100 steel | DLC coating | Direct current reactive magnetron sputtering (DCRMS) | Reduced cutting forces when using DLC coating compared to uncoated and ceramic tools. Decreased coefficient of friction at the cutting zone in cutting speeds up to 200 m/min for DLC-coated tools. | [50] |
Coated carbide tool Ti-6Al-4V | MoS2 | Solid lubricant with an average particle size of 2 µm sprayed on the machining region | Increased shear angle and chip reduction coefficient when using MoS2 compared to dry condition. Reduced tool wear and chip/tool contact length when using MoS2 compared to dry condition. | [51] |
Cemented carbide tool Aluminum silicon alloy; Aluminum bronze alloy | DLC coating; Diamond coating | Vacuum cathode multi-arc deposition and DC plasma jet coating method | Improved cutting tool life when using DLC-coated tool compared to uncoated tool (7 times longer for aluminum bronze workpieces). | [52] |
Tungsten carbide tool Aluminum silicon alloy | DLC coating | Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) coating method | Decreased cutting forces when using DLC-coated tool compared to uncoated tool. | [53] |
Ceramic tool (Al2O3 + TiC) Hardened steel 102Cr6 | DLC coating | Arc-PVD and Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (PACVD) coating methods | Improved tool life for both conditions compared to uncoated ceramic tools. Lower CoF for both conditions compared to uncoated tools. | [54] |
Uncoated carbide tool IN718 | Soft metal coating | In situ coating (pre-machining) process prior to the main machining process | Improved tool life by 300% compared with untreated tools. Decreased cutting forces by 40–50%. Reduced work-hardening in machined workpieces by 45%. | [17] |
Uncoated carbide tool IN718 | Soft metal coating | PVD coating | A threefold increase in lifespan compared with uncoated tools. Decreased cutting forces significantly. Reduced by 25% in work hardened surface layer | [55] |
Wet Additive Solid Lubricants | ||||
Ceramic tools (Al2O3) Gray Cast Iron (ASTM A48) | Graphite; MoS2 (mixed) | A textured tool with grooves filled with graphite and MoS2, and SAE 40 oil mixture | Reduced cutting forces and coefficient of friction when using solid lubricant with textured tool. | [56] |
Coated carbide tool EN31 Steel | MoS2 | Minimum Quantity Solid Lubrication (MQSL) system with the mixture of solid lubricant and SAE 40 oil | Decreased cutting forces and improved surface integrity when using solid lubricant with the MQSL method compared to MQL and Wet conditions. | [57] |
Whisker-reinforced ceramic tool Co-based Haynes 25 | Graphite; MoS2; hBN (separately) | Nanofluid-MQL system, solid lubricants and vegetable-based oil mixture | Reduced surface roughness, graphite outperformed other solid lubricants. Decreased cutting temperature for all types of solid lubricants compared to the base fluid-MQL system and dry. hBN outperformed MoS2 and graphite in terms of reducing nose wear. The base material’s micro-hardness improvement was not significant. | [58] |
Ceramic tool (whisker-reinforced) IN718 | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | MQL system, Solid lubricants and vegetable-based oil mixture (LB2000) | Increased tool life by MoS2 + MQL compared to graphite + MQL, MQL, and dry conditions. Decreased cutting force by using graphite + MQL and MoS2 + MQL. Lower surface micro-hardness with MoS2 + MQL. | [10] |
Cemented carbide tool (PVD-coated) IN718 | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | MQL system, Solid lubricants and vegetable-based oil mixture (LB2000) | Improved tool life and surface roughness by using graphite + MQL compared to MoS2 + MQL, MQL, and dry. No presence of tensile residual stress when using graphite + MQL. | [59] |
Uncoated cemented carbide tool EN8 Steel | Graphite; Boric acid (separately) | Directly injected by atmospheric pressure, Solid lubricants mixed with SAE 40 oil | Improved tool life, surface roughness and cutting forces when using 20% boric acid+SAE 40 oil compared to graphite with the same concentration in SAE 40 oil, Wet and dry conditions. | [60] |
PVD-Coated (TiAlN/TiN) and CVD-coated (TiCN/Al2O3) cemented carbide tools IN718 | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | MQSL system, Solid lubricants mixed with cutting fluid | Improved surface finish with the use of MoS2 + MQSL compared to graphite + MQSL, MQL, Wet and dry conditions. Reduced cutting temperature when using MQSL and MQL. Longer tool life was achieved by using PVD-coated tool with MQSL and MQL conditions. | [61] |
PVD-coated (TiAlN) carbide tool Inconel 625 | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | Nanofluid-MQL systems, Solid lubricants mixed with vegetable oil | Decreased surface roughness significantly when using MoS2 + nMQL compared to the graphite + nMQL, MQL, and dry. Improved tool life due to less abrasion wear on the cutting tool, the best is MoS2 + nMQL compared to MQL and graphite + nMQL. Cutting temperature is most reduced by MoS2 + nMQL. | [62] |
HSS and uncoated cemented carbide tools AISI 1040 steel | Graphite | MQL system, Graphite nano-particles mixed with water-soluble oil | Reduced surface roughness and cutting force when using graphite nano-particles compared to conventional methods. | [63] |
Ceramic tool (Al2O3 + SiC) IN718 | Graphite; MoS2 (mixed) | Atomization-based cutting fluid (ACF), Solid lubricants mixed with acetone and vegetable oil | 38% reduction in flank wear through the application of ACF compared with dry machining. 21% to 39% improvements in surface roughness using ACF compared with dry machining. | [64] |
Coated carbide tool Steel AISI 4340 | MoS2 | MQL system, Solid lubricant mixed with castor oil or SAE40 oil | Lower surface roughness when using MoS2 with SAE40 oil compared to the MoS2 castor oil. | [65] |
Uncoated carbide tool IN718 | MoS2; WS2 (separately) | Textured tools with different patterns filled with solid lubricants and coconut oil mixture | Reduced coefficient of friction. Lower surface roughness when using WS2 compared to MoS2. Texture patterns may affect solid lubricant delivery. | [66] |
Coated carbide tool Ti-6Al-4V | MoS2 | Electrostatic high-velocity solid lubricants (EHVSL) and MQSL system, Solid lubricant mixed with SAE 40 oil | Reduced cutting force and tool wear by using the EHVSL method compared to the MQSL condition. Improved surface roughness with the EHVSL method. EHVSL method outperformed MQSL. | [67] |
PCBN, ceramic (TiCN + Al2O3), coated carbide tools AISI D6 hardened steel | MoS2 | Minimum Quantity Fluid (MQF) system, vegetable-based oil LB2000 mixture by solid lubricant | Claimed to be a viable alternative to tackle most machining challenges. | [68] |
Coated carbide tool AISI 4140 steel | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | MQL system, Solid lubricants mixed with SAE 40 oil | Reduced cutting temperature when using MoS2 + MQL compared to graphite + MQL. Results were validated by simulation (ANSYS). | [69] |
Uncoated carbide tool IN718 | MoS2 | Textured tools with dimple patterns assisted with MQL system, solid lubricant mixed with canola oil | Improved tool wear by 20–30% when using MoS2 + MQL compared to dry. Decreased cutting forces, surface roughness and cutting temperature with this method compared to dry. | [70] |
HSS tool AISI 1040 steel | MoS2 | Textured tools filled with solid lubricant and graphite-based grease mixture | Reduced cutting temperature. Improved surface roughness. Decreased coefficient of friction and chip thickness. | [71] |
Uncoated carbide tool Ti-6Al-4V | MoS2 | Textured tools filled with solid lubricant, SAE 40 oil mixture | Reduced machining forces and power consumption when using MoS2 with textured tool compared to dry condition. | [72] |
Tungsten carbide tool Hardened AISI H13 steel | MoS2 nanoplatelets;CaF2 nanoparticles (separately) | Minimum quantity cutting fluids (MQCF); used hybrid-nano green cutting fluids (HN-GCFs) with different concentrations | 0.3% concentration of HN-GCFs for CaF2 was optimized for thermal conductivity, specific heat, and viscosity. Less tool wear and workpiece adhesion with HN-GCF-0.3 of CaF2. | [73] |
Coated carbide tool AISI 1040 steel | CaF2 | MQSL machining with 10% and 20% CaF2 concentration mixed with SAE 40 oil | Improved tool life and surface finish by CaF2+MQSL method compared to MQL, wet and dry conditions. 10% CaF2 concentration showed better machining performance. | [74] |
Coated carbide tool EN31 steel | CaF2 | MQSL machining with 10%, 15% and 20% CaF2 concentration mixed with SAE 40 oil | Improved tool life, surface quality and cutting temperature reduction were achieved by 15% CaF2 concentration. compared to wet and dry conditions. | [75] |
HSS tool Mild steel | Boric acid | MQL system, Solid lubricant mixed with coconut oil | Decreased surface roughness by 40% compared with dry and 18% with wet machining. | [76] |
Carbide tool EN24 steel | Boric acid | MQL system, Solid lubricant mixed with SAE 40 oil and/or TiO2 | Reduced cutting forces, cutting temperature and surface roughness by Boric acid + TiO2 + SAE 40 oil compared to when mixed separately with oil, only oil and dry conditions. | [77] |
Uncoated carbide tool, CVD, PVD EN353 | Boric acid | Dry, SAE 40 oil, Boric acid + SAE 40 oil all applied by coolant nozzle | Better cutting conditions when using SAE 40 oil. Improved surface roughness with SAE 40 oil and CVD tool. | [78] |
Tool/ Workpiece | Solid Lubricant | Method of Application | Most Significant Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Solid Lubricants—Coated | ||||
Tungsten carbide micro-tool AISI 52100 steel | DLC coating | PVD coating method | Lower cutting force for DLC-coated tool compared to uncoated tool. Reduced CoF in DLC-coated tool compared to uncoated tool. | [80] |
Uncoated carbide tool IN718 | Soft metal coating | PVD coating | 3 times improvement in lifespan compared with uncoated tools. Decreased cutting forces significantly. Reduced by 25% in work hardened surface layer | [17] |
Ultra-fine-grained carbide tool IN718 | DLC coating | PECVD method | Reduced tool flank wear and cutting forces when using DLC-coated tool compared to uncoated tool. | [33] |
TiB2 PVD-coated tool Aluminum silicon alloy | Monolayer DLC coating; Multilayer DLC and WS2 coating | PVD coating method | The best machining performance was reported to be for two layers of DLC-WS2 compared to other coatings. | [81] |
WC-coated tool IN718 | DLC coating | PVD coating method | Decreased tool wear and built-up edge (BUE) formation when using DLC-coated tool compared to uncoated tool. | [82] |
Wet Additive Solid Lubricants | ||||
TiCN/Al2O3/TiN CVD-coated tungsten carbide tool AISI 4340 steel | Graphite; Boric acid (separately and mixed) | MQL system used an emulsion oil mixture with graphite and/or boric acid | MQL 10%wt Boric acid mixture with emulsion oil showed better machining performance compared to when both solid lubricants are mixed together. | [83] |
Coated carbide end mill AISI 1045 steel | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | Directly applied by the motor-driven feeder | MoS2 outperformed graphite and wet conditions in terms of surface roughness, cutting forces and specific energy | [84] |
CVD-coated tungsten carbide end mill tool AISI 4340 steel | Graphite; Boric acid (separately and mixed) | Minimum quantity cooling lubrication technique (MQCL) system used coconut oil mixture | Improved Ra when using boric acid mixture with coconut oil compared to other conditions. Higher thermal conductivity and lower viscosity were found in boric acid mixture with coconut oil. | [85] |
TiAlN-coated carbide end mill IN718 | MoS2 | MQL system used a liquid CO2 mixture with solid lubricant. | Improved surface roughness and lower cutting temperature when using the MQL system with liquid CO2 and MoS2 compared to conventional lubrication methods. | [86] |
Uncoated carbide tool AISI H13 tool steel | Graphite nanoplatelets | Solid lubricant dispersed in distilled water, applied directly by a nozzle for near-dry machining | Reduction in tangential cutting force (due to the presence of graphite) had a negative impact on dimensional accuracy and caused burnishing of the machined surface. | [87] |
TiAlN-coated carbide tool Ti-6Al-4V | Graphite nanoplatelets | MQL system, Solid lubricant mixed with vegetable oil | Decreased tool flank wear and chipping 1% graphite+MQL compared to other concentrations, MQL and dry conditions. | [88] |
Tungsten carbide tool Aluminum alloy (A6061-T6) | MoS2 nanoparticles | MQL system, Solid lubricant mixed with mineral oil | Improved the quality of the machined surface when using 0.5% concentration of MoS2 compared to other concentrations and MQL. | [89] |
Uncoated tungsten carbide tool AISI 420 | MoS2 nanoparticles | MQL system, Solid lubricant mixed with vegetable oil | Decreased tool wear and surface roughness when using MoS2 + MQL with the flow rate of 40 mL/h compared to other flow rates, MQL and dry. | [90] |
Coated (TiN) carbide tool AISI O2 cold work steel | Boric acid | MQL system, Solid lubricants mixed with ethylene glycol and borax decahydrate | Borax additive when mixed with boric acid improved surface roughness compared to conditions with only borax decahydrate is used. In terms of tool life, borax decahydrate showed better results. | [91] |
Tool/ Workpiece | Solid Lubricant | Method of Application | Most Significant Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry Solid Lubricants | ||||
Al2O3 grade wheel EN2; EN31 | Graphite | The solid lubricant was sandwiched on the wheel | Reduced surface roughness when using graphite compared to wet and dry conditions. | [94] |
Solid Lubricants—Coated | ||||
Brazed CBN on the wheel Ti6-Al-4V | MoS2 | Applied solid lubricant coating by an organic bonding method | Reduced grinding force and Extended grinding wheel service life by using MoS2 coating compared to uncoated CBN tool. | [95] |
Wet Additive Solid Lubricants | ||||
Al2O3-grade wheel AISI 1030 steel; AISI 52100 steel | Graphite | Directly injected, Solid lubricant mixed with water-soluble oil | Reduced specific energy when using graphite mixed with oil compared to dry condition. | [92] |
Diamond wheel SiC | Graphite | Directly injected via funnel pipe | Reduced tangential force and specific grinding energy, and improved surface finish when using graphite compared to dry condition. | [96] |
Al2O3 grade wheel Hardened D2 tool steel | Graphite nano-platelets | MQL system, solid lubricant mixed with isopropyl alcohol directly sprayed on the workpiece–wheel interface and the workpiece surface pre-grinding | Reduced cutting forces and specific energy and surface finish improvement when using 15 µm graphite nano-platelets compared to smaller diameters of graphite nano-platelets, MQL, and dry conditions. | [97] |
CBN wheel Ti-6Al-4V | Graphite; Graphene; MoS2 (separately) | MQL system, solid lubricants mixed with vegetable oils | The best performance was reported for graphene compared to graphite and then MoS2 in terms of surface roughness, cutting forces, coefficient of friction, and grinding energy. | [98] |
The tool was not mentioned. Mild steel | Graphite | MQL system, Solid lubricant mixed with LB-3000 lubricant | Improved surface roughness when using graphite+MQL compared to wet and dry conditions. | [99] |
Flat cylindrical grinding wheel, Microcrystalline sintered corundum, IN718 | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | Minimum quantity cooling (MQC) system, solid lubricant mixed with water and Syntilo RHS oil | Reduced surface roughness when using graphite + MQC and MoS2 + MQC compared to other tested conditions. Lowest surface clogging percentage by using graphite+MQC and MoS2 + MQC compared to other conditions. | [100] |
Aluminum oxide grinding wheel AISI D2 steel | MoS2; CuO (separately and mixed) | MQL system, solid lubricants mixed with soybean base and/or colza oils | Best surface roughness result was obtained by using CuO + MQL colza base oil compared to other tested conditions. | [101] |
CBN grinding wheel Cemented carbide (YG8) | MoS2 | Nano-MQL (NMQL) system, solid lubricant mixed with castor oil | Decreased cutting forces ratio and improved surface quality by using MoS2 + NMQL and MQL compared to wet and dry conditions. | [102] |
Aluminum oxide grinding wheel AISI 202 stainless steel | MoS2 | Nano Fluid-MQL (NFMQL) system, solid lubricant mixed with vegetable oil-based | Reduced cutting forces and cutting temperature, and improved surface roughness when using MoS2 + NFMQL compared to MQL, wet and dry conditions | [103] |
Diamond grinding wheel Silicon nitride | MoS2; WS2; hBN; (separately and mixed) | Nanoparticle jet MQL (NJMQL) system, Solid lubricants mixed with de-ionized water | Hybrid MoS2 with WS2 or hBN nanofluids resulted in lower grinding forces, surface roughness, specific grinding energy, surface/sub-surface damages, and better surface morphology. | [104] |
Tool/ Workpiece | Solid Lubricant | Method of Application | Most Significant Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry Solid Lubricants | ||||
Tungsten carbide tool Aluminum alloy | Graphite; MoS2 (separately and mixed) | Textured tool filled with solid lubricants, | Improved the dimensional accuracy and decreased surface roughness when using the textured tool filled by graphite and a mixture of graphite and MoS2 compared to other conditions. Increased tool life using graphite coating. | [109] |
Solid Lubricants—Coated | ||||
Uncoated carbide tool Aluminum alloy | Graphite; MoS2 (separately) | Coating | Reduction in BUE formation, minimum circularity error and no burr formation when using solid lubricant coatings compared to blasocut coolant and conditions. | [110] |
Cemented carbide tool Aluminum alloy (SA-323) | DLC coating | PECVD method | Improved the hole quality (roundness curves, radial deviation, and roughness) when using DLC-coated tools compared to uncoated tools. Increased productivity by drilling at high speeds with DLC-coated tools. | [111] |
HSS tool; Cobalt-alloyed HSS tool AISI 1045 steel | DLC coating; MoS2 coating (separately) | PACVD method | Improved chip evacuation capabilities and decreased drilling torque when using DLC-coated tools compared to MoS2-coated tools and uncoated tools. Tool life reduction was reported for DLC-coated tools. | [112] |
HSS tool Magnesium alloy (AZ91) | Non-hydrogenated DLC coating | Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputter Ion Plating (CFUBMSIP) Coating method | Prolonged tool life, less drilling torque and cutting temperature when using DLC-coated tools with the assistance of the H2O-MQL system compared to uncoated HSS tools. | [113] |
Tungsten carbide tool Aluminum alloys (2024/7150) | DLC; MoS2 (separately) | CFUBMSIP coating method | Improved standard deviation of hole diameter and reduced surface roughness when using DLC-coated and MoS2-coated tools compared to the uncoated tool. | [114] |
Wet Additive Solid Lubricants | ||||
TiN-PVD-coated tool IN718 | H-MoS2 | MQSL system, Solid lubricant mixed with olive oil and direct delivery method | Significant surface roughness improvement, flank wear reduction and less cutting temperature when MoS2 is directly applied compared to MQSL and dry conditions. | [115] |
TiN-PVD-coated tool Ti-6Al-4V | MoS2 | MQSL system, Solid lubricant mixed with olive oil and direct delivery method | Significant surface roughness improvement, flank wear reduction and less cutting temperature when MoS2 is directly applied compared to MQSL and dry conditions. | [116] |
Tungsten carbide (WC) Ti-6Al-4V | MoS2; hBN nanoparticles (separately) | MQL system, Solid lubricants mixed with Boelube (alcohol-based) fluid | Decreased tool wear and frictional force for both MoS2 + MQL and hBN + MQL compared to MQL. | [117] |
HSS drill tool Steel 35 | MoS2 | The workpiece floated in sulfur and serpentinite with industrial oil and oleic acid mixture by special lab stand | Increased the operation time of the drill tool when using this method compared to wet and dry conditions | [118] |
Coated carbide tools Ti-6Al-4V | MoS2 | MQL system, solid lubricant mixed with cottonseed oil | Decreased cutting temperature, improved surface quality, increased tool life and enhanced subsurface hardness when using MoS2 + MQL with 20% concentration compared to other conditions. | [119] |
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Hedayati, H.; Mofidi, A.; Al-Fadhli, A.; Aramesh, M. Solid Lubricants Used in Extreme Conditions Experienced in Machining: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Developments and Applications. Lubricants 2024, 12, 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12030069
Hedayati H, Mofidi A, Al-Fadhli A, Aramesh M. Solid Lubricants Used in Extreme Conditions Experienced in Machining: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Developments and Applications. Lubricants. 2024; 12(3):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12030069
Chicago/Turabian StyleHedayati, Hiva, Asadollah Mofidi, Abdullah Al-Fadhli, and Maryam Aramesh. 2024. "Solid Lubricants Used in Extreme Conditions Experienced in Machining: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Developments and Applications" Lubricants 12, no. 3: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12030069
APA StyleHedayati, H., Mofidi, A., Al-Fadhli, A., & Aramesh, M. (2024). Solid Lubricants Used in Extreme Conditions Experienced in Machining: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Developments and Applications. Lubricants, 12(3), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12030069