A Paper-Based Analytical Device for Analysis of Paraquat in Urine and Its Validation with Optical-Based Approaches
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Paper-Based Analytical Device
2.3. Colorimetric Assay
2.4. Spectrochip and NanoDrop
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Clinical Validation and Collection of Patient URINE Samples
3. Results
3.1. Paraquat Detection with the Paper-Based Analytical Device
3.2. Paraquat Detection with Spectrochip and NanoDrop
3.3. Comparison of Paraquat Detection via Different Methods Using Bland–Altman Analysis
3.4. Clinical Validation Using Six Patient Urine Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Delta RGB * | 0 ppm | 5 ppm | 10 ppm | 25 ppm | 50 ppm | 100 ppm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test 1 | 3.26457 | 6.07037 | 8.28258 | 42.7104 | 66.5518 | 111.381 |
Test 2 | 5.25096 | 6.65480 | 20.7853 | 36.3824 | 69.7230 | 118.404 |
Test 3 | 2.23013 | 9.92608 | 21.4377 | 42.8390 | 80.4217 | 114.011 |
Average | 3.58189 | 7.55042 | 16.8352 | 40.6439 | 72.2322 | 114.599 |
Standard deviation | 1.53521 | 2.07803 | 7.41396 | 3.69117 | 7.26746 | 3.54797 |
Limit of detection: 3.01 ppm | ||||||
Limit of quantification: 10.02 ppm |
Patient Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 24 | 26 | 49 | 63 | 94 | 76 |
Sex | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male |
Time elapsed between paraquat ingestion and hospital arrival, (h) | 1.5 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Blood paraquat level, (ppm) | 26.4 | 142.4 | >8.0 | 4.9 | >10.0 | >10.0 |
SIPP, (ppm h) | 39.6 | 284.8 | >32.0 | 24.5 | >30.0 | >30.0 |
Treatment | Charcoal hemoperfusion, glucocorticoid/cyclophosphamide pulse therapies | Charcoal hemoperfusion | Death before treatment | Charcoal hemoperfusion, glucocorticoid/cyclophosphamide pulse therapies | Death before treatment | Death before treatment |
Duration of hospitalization, (day) | 2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Outcome | Dead | Dead | Dead | Dead | Dead | Dead |
Patient Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quick urine sodium dithionite test (ppm) | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 |
Paper-based (ppm) | 2145.6 | 804.0 | 1267.5 | 372.8 | 4275.0 | 51.5 |
Spectrochip (ppm) | 3613.6 | 930.0 | 1380.6 | 354.2 | 5939.0 | 47.2 |
NanoDrop (ppm) | 3375.0 | 1112.6 | 1430.7 | 397.4 | 5148.2 | 39.0 |
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Wang, T.-Y.; Lee, Y.-T.; Chen, H.-Y.; Ko, C.-H.; Hong, C.-T.; Wen, J.-W.; Yen, T.-H.; Cheng, C.-M. A Paper-Based Analytical Device for Analysis of Paraquat in Urine and Its Validation with Optical-Based Approaches. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11010006
Wang T-Y, Lee Y-T, Chen H-Y, Ko C-H, Hong C-T, Wen J-W, Yen T-H, Cheng C-M. A Paper-Based Analytical Device for Analysis of Paraquat in Urine and Its Validation with Optical-Based Approaches. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Tse-Yao, Yi-Tzu Lee, Hsien-Yi Chen, Cheng-Hao Ko, Chi-Tsung Hong, Jyun-Wei Wen, Tzung-Hai Yen, and Chao-Min Cheng. 2021. "A Paper-Based Analytical Device for Analysis of Paraquat in Urine and Its Validation with Optical-Based Approaches" Diagnostics 11, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11010006
APA StyleWang, T.-Y., Lee, Y.-T., Chen, H.-Y., Ko, C.-H., Hong, C.-T., Wen, J.-W., Yen, T.-H., & Cheng, C.-M. (2021). A Paper-Based Analytical Device for Analysis of Paraquat in Urine and Its Validation with Optical-Based Approaches. Diagnostics, 11(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11010006