From Biodiversity to Musketry: Detection of Plant Diversity in Pre-Industrial Peloponnese during the Flora Graeca Expedition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Peloponnese Tour
3.2. Plant Diversity in Pre-Industrial Peloponnese
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Name Cited in FGS | Engraving | Watercoulor | Scientific Name |
---|---|---|---|
Phillyrealatifolia | 2 | 761: pl.2 | Phillyrea latifolia L. |
Olea europaea | 3 | 761: pl.3 | Olea europaea L. |
Veronica glauca | 7 | 244: f.66 | Veronica glauca Sm. |
Veronica triphyllos | 10 | 244: f.69 | Veronica triphyllos L. |
Salvia triloba | 17 | 244: f.158 | Salvia fruticosa Mill. |
Salvia ringens | 18 | 244: f.159 | Salvia ringens Sm. |
Salvia sibthorpii | 22 | 244: f.163 | Salvia virgata Jacq. |
Morina persica | 28 | 761: pl.28 | Morina persica L. |
Crocus aureus | 35 | 245: f.65 | Crocus flavus Weston subsp. flavus |
Iris florentina | 39 | 245: f.69 | Iris albicans Lange |
Iris sisyrinchium | 42 | 245: f.72 | Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker-Gawl. |
Schoenus mucronatus | 43 | 245: f.112 | Cyperus capitatus Vand. |
Saccharum ravennae | 52 | 245: f.120 | Tripidium ravennae (L.) H. Scholz |
Panicum repens | 61 | 245: f.130 | Panicum repens L. |
Briza minor | 74 | 245: f.142 | Briza minor L. |
Festuga littoralis | 80 | 245: f.148 | Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl. |
Bromus tectorum | 82 | 245: f.150 | Bromus tectorum L. |
Bromus rubens | 83 | 245: f.151 | Bromus rubens L. |
Stipa paleacea | 86 | 245: f.154 | Stipa capensis Thunb. |
Triticumjunceum | 99 | 245: f.166 | Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski |
Valantia muralis | 137 | 242: f.202 | Valantia muralis L. |
Crucianella latifolia | 139 | 242: f.204 | Crucianella latifolia L. |
Plantago lagopus | 144 | 244: f.182 | Plantago lagopus L. |
Hypecoum imberbe | 156 | 241: f.30 | Hypecoum imberbe Sm. |
Anchusa tinctoria | 166 | 244: f.33 | Anchusa tinctoria L. |
Cerinthe aspera | 170 | 244: f.37 | Cerinthe major L. |
Cerinthe retorta | 171 | 244: f.38 | Cerinthe retorta Sm. |
Asperugo procumbens | 177 | 244: f.44 | Asperugo procumbens L. |
Lycopsis variegata | 178 | 244: f.36 | Anchusella variegata (L.) Bigazzi & al. |
Primula vulgaris | 184 | 244: f.175 | Primula vulgaris Huds. |
Lysimachia linum-stellatum | 189 | 244: f.181 | Asterolinon linum-stellatum (L.) Duby |
Plumbago europaea | 191 | 244: f.196 | Plumbago europaea L. |
Convolvulus siculus | 196 | 244: f.15 | Convolvulus siculus L. |
Campanula rupestris | 213 | 243: f.178 | Campanula rupestris Sm. |
Campanula drabifolia | 215 | 243: f.180 | Campanula drabifolia Sm. |
Viola gracilis | 222 | 241: f.85 | Viola gracilis Sm. |
Chironia maritima | 237 | 244: f.9 | Centaurium maritimum (L.) Fritsch |
Chironia spicata | 238 | 244: f.10 | Schenkia spicata (L.) G. Mans. |
Vitis vinifera | 242 | 241: f.178 | Vitis vinifera L. |
Herniaria macrocarpa | 252 | 242: f.125 | Herniaria incana Lam. |
Eryngium multifidum | 259 | 242: f.148 | Eryngium amethystinum L. |
Bupleurum sibthorpianum | 264 | 242: f.153 | Bupleurum falcatum subsp. cernuum (Ten.) Arcang. |
Echinophora spinosa | 265 | 242: f.154 | Echinophora spinosa L. |
Echinophora tenuifolia | 266 | 242: f.155 | Echinophora tenuifolia L. |
Artedia squamata | 268 | 242: f.157 | Artedia squamata L. |
Peucedanum obtusifolium | 277 | 242: f.175 | Selinum silaifolium (Jacq.) Beck |
Coriandrum sativum | 283 | 242: f.170 | Coriandrum sativum L. |
Pastinaca opopanax | 288 | 242: f.176 | Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. |
Linum gallicum | 303 | 241: f.160 | Linum trigynum L. |
Narcissus tazetta | 308 | 245: f.73 | Narcissus tazetta L. |
Amaryllis lutea | 310 | 245: f.75 | Sternbergia lutea (L.) Spreng. subsp. lutea |
Tulipa sibthorpiana | 330 | 245: f.79 | Fritillaria sibthorpiana (Sm.) Baker |
Ornithogalum arvense | 332 | 245: f.97 | Gagea villosa (M. Bieb.) Sweet |
Ornithogalum nanum | 333 | 245: f.98 | Ornithogalum sibthorpii Greuter |
Asphodelus ramosus | 334 | 245: f.99 | Asphodelus ramosus L. |
Anthericum graecum | 336 | 245: f.101 | Gagea graeca (L.) Irmisch |
Asparagus acutifolius | 337 | 245: f.102 | Asparagus acutifolius L. |
Hyacinthus romanus | 340 | 245: f.105 | Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet |
Frankenia hirsuta | 343 | 241: f.88 | Frankenia hirsuta L. |
Erica arborea | 351 | 243: f.190 | Erica arborea L. |
Arbutus unedo | 373 | 243: f.191 | Arbutus unedo L. |
Arbutus andrachne | 374 | 243: f.192 | Arbutus andrachne L. |
Saxifragamedia | 376 | 242: f.142 | Saxifraga sempervivum K. Koch |
Saxifraga rotundifolia | 377 | 242: f.143 | Saxifraga rotundifolia L. |
Saxifraga cymbalaria | 378 | 242: f.144 | Saxifraga sibthorpii Boiss. |
Dianthus cinnamomeus | 400 | 241: f.110 | Dianthus cinnamomeus Sm. |
Silene nocturna | 408 | 241: f.118 | Silene nocturna L. |
Silene behen | 416 | 241: f.126 | Silene behen L. |
Silene italica | 429 | 241: f.138 | Silene italica (L.) Pers. |
Silene staticifolia | 434 | 241: f.144 | Silene bupleuroides subsp. staticifolia (Sm.) Chowdhuri |
Sedum tetraphyllum | 448 | 242: f.135 | Sedum cepaea L. |
Oxalis corniculata | 451 | 241: f.190 | Oxalis corniculata L. |
Cerastium pilosum | 454 | 241: f.149 | Cerastium illyricum Ard. |
Cerastium tomentosum | 455 | 241: f.150 | Cerastium candidissimum Correns |
Reseda alba | 459 | 245: f.49 | Reseda alba L. |
Euphorbia spinosa | 463 | 245: f.39 | Euphorbia acanthothamnos Boiss. |
Euphorbia leiosperma | 465 | 245: f.41 | Euphorbia terracina L. |
Myrtus communis | 475 | 242: f.120 | Myrtus communis L. |
Prunus prostrata | 478 | 242: f. 109 | Prunus prostrata Labill. |
Pyrus aria | 479 | 242: f.118 | Sorbus umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch |
Papaver somniferum | 491 | 241: f.24 | Papaver somniferum L. |
Cistus monspeliensis | 493 | 241: f.75 | Cistus monspeliensis L. |
Cistus incanus | 494 | 241: f.74 | Cistus creticus subsp. eriocephalus (Viv.) Greuter & Burdet |
Cistus salviifolius | 497 | 241: f.78 | Cistus salviifolius L. |
Cistus guttatus | 498 | 241: f.79 | Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr. |
Cistus salicifolius | 499 | 241: f.80 | Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. |
Delphinium consolida | 504 | 241: f.7 | Consolida phrygia (Boiss.) Soó |
Anemone coronaria | 514 | 241: f.17 | Anemone coronaria L. |
Ranunculus millefoliatus | 521 | 241: f.4 | Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl |
Satureja juliana | 540 | 244: f.117 | Micromeria juliana (L.) Rchb. |
Satureja graeca | 542 | 244: f.118 | Micromeria graeca (L.) Rchb. |
Satureja capitata | 544 | 244: f.115 | Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. |
Nepeta nuda | 547 | 244: f.120 | Nepeta nuda L. |
Lamium maculatum | 556 | 244: f.127 | Lamium maculatum L. |
Stachys orientalis | 560 | 244: f.146 | Stachys obliqua Waldst. & Kit. |
Marrubium pseudodictamnus | 562 | 244: f.147 | Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth. |
Prasium majus | 584 | 244: f.155 | Prasium majus L. |
Bartsia latifolia | 586 | 244: f.71 | Bellardia latifolia (L.) Cuatrec. |
Antirrhinum pelisserianum | 591 | 244: f.76 | Linaria pelisseriana (L.) Mill. |
Antirrhinum chalepense | 592 | 244: f.77 | Linaria chalepensis (L.) Mill. |
Antirrhinum reflexum | 593 | 244: f.78 | Linaria triphylla (L.) Mill. |
Scrophularia canina | 598 | 244: f.83 | Scrophularia canina subsp. bicolor (Sm.) Greuter |
Scrophularia caesia | 604 | 244: f.89 | Scrophularia heterophylla Willd. |
Orobanche ramosa | 608 | 244: f.93 | Phelipanche mutelii (F.W. Schultz) Pomel |
Acanthus spinosus | 611 | 244: f.95 | Acanthus spinosus L. |
Bunias raphanifolia | 612 | 241: f.33 | Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. |
Aubrieta deltoidea | 628 | 241: f.49 | Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. |
Biscutella columnae | 629 | 241: f.50 | Biscutella didyma subsp. apula Nyman |
Arabis verna | 641 | 241: f.62 | Arabis verna (L.) R. Br. |
Erodium romanum | 654 | 241: f.182 | Erodium acaule (L.) Bech. & Thell. |
Erodium gruinum | 656 | 241: f.184 | Erodium gruinum (L.) L’Hér. |
Erodium malacoides | 658 | 241: f.186 | Erodium malacoides (L.) L’Hér. |
Geranium tuberosum | 659 | 241: f.187 | Geranium tuberosum L. |
Alcea ficifolia | 663 | 241: f.166 | Alcea biennis Winterl |
Hibiscus trionum | 666 | 241: f.169 | Hibiscus trionum L. |
Polygala venulosa | 669 | 241: f.86 | Polygala venulosa Sm. |
Ononis antiquorum | 675 | 242: f.11 | Ononis spinosa subsp. diacantha (Rchb.) Greuter |
Anthyllis tetraphylla | 681 | 242: f.17 | Tripodion tetraphyllum (L.) Fourr. |
Orobus sessilifolius | 692 | 242: f.27 | Lathyrus digitatus (M. Bieb.) Fiori |
Lathyrus sativus | 695 | 242: f.31 | Lathyrus sativus L. |
Lathyrus grandiflorus | 698 | 242: f.34 | Lathyrus grandiflorus Sm. |
Vicia polyphylla | 699 | 242: f.35 | Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host) Corb. |
Vicia melanops | 701 | 242: f.37 | Vicia melanops Sm. |
Cytisus sessilifolius | 705 | 242: f.41 | Podocytisus caramanicus Boiss. & Heldr. |
Coronilla emerus | 710 | 242: f.46 | Hippocrepis emerus (L.) Lassen |
Coronilla securidaca | 712 | 242: f.48 | Securigera securidaca (L.) Degen & Dörfl. |
Ornithopus compressus | 714 | 242: f.50 | Ornithopus compressus L. |
Ornithopus scorpioides | 715 | 242: f.51 | Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. Koch |
Hippocrepis unisiliquosa | 716 | 242: f.52 | Hippocrepis unisiliquosa L. |
Hedysarum caput-galli | 723 | 242: f.59 | Onobrychis caput-galli (L.) Lam. |
Phaca baetica | 727 | 242: f.63 | Erophaca baetica (L.) Boiss. |
Astragalus incanus | 732 | 242: f.68 | Astragalus spruneri Boiss. |
Astragalus aristatus | 735 | 242: f.71 | Astragalus thracicus subsp. parnassi (Boiss.) Strid |
Biserrula pelecinus | 737 | 242: f.73 | Astragalus pelecinus (L.) Barneby |
Trifolium cherleri | 745 | 242: f.81 | Trifolium cherleri L. |
Trifolium rotundifolium | 747 | 764: pl.747 | Trigonella rotundifolia (Sm.) Strid |
Trifolium stellatum | 750 | 242: f.86 | Trifolium stellatum L. |
Trifolium clypeatum | 751 | 242: f.87 | Trifolium clypeatum L. |
Trifolium uniflorum | 752 | 242: f.88 | Trifolium uniflorum L. |
Lotus tetragonolobus | 755 | 242: f.91 | Tetragonolobus purpureus Moench |
Lotus edulis | 756 | 242: f.92 | Lotus edulis L. |
Lotus creticus | 758 | 242: f.94 | Lotus creticus L. |
Lotus hirsutus | 759 | 242: f.95 | Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. |
Trigonella corniculata | 761 | 242: f.97 | Trigonella corniculata (L.) L. |
Trigonella monspeliaca | 765 | 242: f.101 | Medicago monspeliaca (L.) Trautv. |
Medicago marina | 770 | 242: f.106 | Medicago marina L. |
Hypericum olympicum | 772 | 241: f.171 | Hypericum olympicum L. |
Hypericum hircinum | 773 | 241: f.172 | Hypericum hircinum L. |
Hypericum crispum | 776 | 241: f.175 | Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra |
Scorzonera laciniata | 788 | 243: f.144 | Podospermum laciniatum (L.) DC. |
Sonchus picroides | 793 | 243: f.166 | Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth |
Crepis rubra | 801 | 243: f.157 | Crepis rubra L. |
Hedypnois cretica | 813 | 243: f.132 | Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F.W. Schmidt |
Hypochoeris minima | 816 | 243: f.123 | Hypochaeris arachnoides Poir. |
Lapsana stellata | 817 | 243: f.126 | Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. |
Catananche lutea | 821 | 243: f.129 | Catananche lutea L. |
Carduus glycacanthus | 826 | 243: f.96 | Jurinea glycacantha DC. |
Cnicus acarna | 827 | 243: f.94 | Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. |
Onopordum elatum | 833 | 243: f.87 | Onopordum tauricum Willd. |
Cynara humilis | 835 | 243: f.89 | Cynara cardunculus L. |
Carlina lanata | 836 | 243: f.82 | Carlina lanata L. |
Carlina corymbosa | 837 | 243: f.83 | Carlina corymbosa subsp. graeca (Heldr. & Sartori) Nyman |
Acarna cancellata | 839 | 243: f.85 | Atractylis cancellata L. |
Carthamus lanatus | 841 | 243: f.118 | Carthamus lanatus L. |
Carthamus caeruleus | 843 | 243: f.120 | Carthamus caeruleus L. |
Staehelina chamaepeuce | 847 | 243: f.90 | Ptilostemon chamaepeuce (L.) Less. |
Senecio trilobus | 869 | 243: f.65 | Senecio trilobus L. |
Bellis annua | 876 | 243: f.22 | Bellis annua L. |
Chrysanthemum coronarium | 877 | 243: f.58 | Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach |
Anthemis cota | 880 | 243: f.35 | Anthemis altissima L. |
Anthemis altissima | 881 | 243: f.36 | Anthemis altissima L. |
Achillea aegyptiaca | 892 | 243: f.51 | Achillea taygetea Boiss. & Heldr. |
Centaurea benedicta | 906 | 243: f.114 | Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. |
Centaurea aegyptiaca | 907 | 243: f.102 | Centaurea aegyptiaca Sm. |
Centaurea melitensis | 909 | 243: f.104 | Centaurea melitensis L. |
Centaurea collina | 914 | 243: f.109 | Centaurea salonitana Vis. |
Centaurea galactites | 919 | 243: f.115 | Galactites tomentosus Moench |
Filago pygmaea | 921 | 243: f.28 | Filago pygmaea L. |
Orchis undulatifolia | 927 | 245: f.58 | Orchis italica Poir. |
Orchis papilionacea | 928 | 245: f.59 | Anacamptis papilionacea subsp. aegaea (P. Delforge) L. Lewis & Kreutz |
Ophrys fusca | 930 | 245: f.61 | Ophrys fusca Link |
Pistacia terebinthus | 956 | 242: f.4 | Pistacia terebinthus L. |
Atriplex halimus | 962 | 245: f.8 | Atriplex halimus L. |
Plant Name Cited in Prodromus | Volume, Page | Scientific Name |
---|---|---|
Castanea sativa | 2, 242 | Castanea sativa Mill. |
Corylus spp. (hazel) | 2, 244 | Corylus avellana L., C. colurna L. |
Euphorbia apios | 1, 326 | Euphorbia apios L. |
Ficus carica | 2, 268 | Ficus carica L. |
Fraxinella | 1, 271 | Dictamnus albus L. |
Globularia alypum | 1, 78 | Globularia alypum L. |
Leonticealtaica | 1, 234 | Gymnospermium peloponnesiacum (Phitos) Strid |
Leontice chrysogonum | 1, 234 | Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach |
Leontice leontopetalum | 1, 234 | Leontice leontopetalum L. |
Lolium | 1, 70 | Lolium perenne L., L. subulatum Vis., L. temulentum L. |
Imperatoria | 1, 199 | Imperatoria ostruthium L. |
Loranthus | 1, 242 | Loranthus europaeus Jacq. |
Urtica | 2, 233 | Urtica dioica L., U. pilulifera L., U. urens L. |
Quercus spp. | 2, 239 | Quercus aegilops L., Q. coccifera L., Q. ilex L., Q. pubescens Willd. |
Pinus | 2, 242 | Pinus pinea L. |
Rubus spp. | 1, 349 | Rubus sanctus Schreb., R. canescens DC. |
Salicornia | 1, 1 | Salicornia fruticosa L., S. perennans Willd. |
Satyrium | 2, 215 | Satyrium L., Orchis sp. |
Scilla | 1, 237 | Scilla nivalis Boiss., S. messeniaca Boiss., S. pneumonanthe Speta |
Viola | 1, 145 | Viola scorpiuroides Coss., Viola graeca (W. Becker) Halácsy |
Nymphaea | 1, 360–361 | Nymphaea alba L. |
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Chimona, C.; Papadopoulou, S.; Kolyva, F.; Mina, M.; Rhizopoulou, S. From Biodiversity to Musketry: Detection of Plant Diversity in Pre-Industrial Peloponnese during the Flora Graeca Expedition. Life 2022, 12, 1957. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12121957
Chimona C, Papadopoulou S, Kolyva F, Mina M, Rhizopoulou S. From Biodiversity to Musketry: Detection of Plant Diversity in Pre-Industrial Peloponnese during the Flora Graeca Expedition. Life. 2022; 12(12):1957. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12121957
Chicago/Turabian StyleChimona, Chrysanthi, Sophia Papadopoulou, Foteini Kolyva, Maria Mina, and Sophia Rhizopoulou. 2022. "From Biodiversity to Musketry: Detection of Plant Diversity in Pre-Industrial Peloponnese during the Flora Graeca Expedition" Life 12, no. 12: 1957. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12121957