Valorization of Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks as Materials for Road Construction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Sampling
2.2. Research Methodology
2.2.1. Laboratory Tests
2.2.2. In Situ Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PMWR Characterization
3.1.1. Physical and Geotechnical Properties
3.1.2. Chemical and Mineralogical Properties
3.1.3. Environmental Behavior of Materials
3.2. In situ Full Trial Tests
3.3. Risks Factors Evaluation
4. Conclusions
- The mechanical behavior of these materials depends essentially on their flintstone and clay content.
- The chemical and mineralogical composition and leaching tests on PMWR suggests that they are chemically inert.
- The in situ full trial testing has defined the optimal compaction condition for the use of PMWR in ordinary embankment construction (used in a wet way). It consists of a compaction energy of four passes, a speed of a V4 vibratory roller compactor of 4 km/h and a thickness of the compacted layers of 30 cm.
- Embankments up to 15 m height can be built with PMWR without any significant physical instability risks. The respect of the constructive provisions is necessary.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Corg | Organic carbon content |
LA | Los Angeles abrasion value |
MD | Micro Deval value |
TCLP | Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
PMWR | Phosphate mine waste rocks |
wopn | Optimum water content of the standard Proctor test |
CBR | California bearing ratio |
MBV | Methylene blue value |
ρs | specific (particle) density |
γdr | reference dry density |
OCDE | Organisation de cooperation et de développement économiques |
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Test | I1 | I2 | I3 | I4 | I5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture Content | wt. % | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 3.1 |
Geotechnical properties—Natural parameters | ||||||
Proctor Test | ||||||
Optimum Moisture content (wopn) | wt. % | 13.40 | 12.90 | 15.20 | 14.60 | 13.23 |
Maximum dry density γd max | kN/m3 | * | * | 17.9 | * | * |
Shear test | ||||||
Friction angle (Ø’) | degrees | 30.00 | 32.40 | 27.00 | 27.5 | 27.00 |
Cohesion (c’) | kPa | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
CBR | % | * | * | 13 | * | * |
Atterberg limit | ||||||
Liquid limit | wt. % | 39 | 37 | 41 | 44 | 45 |
Plastic limit | wt. % | 26 | 25 | 26 | 29 | 30 |
Plasticity index | wt. % | 13 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
Methylene blue value | g/100g | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.71 |
Carbonate content | wt. % | 30 | 29 | 33 | 32 | 33 |
Geotechnical Properties–Mechanical behavior | ||||||
Specific (particle) densi | kN/m3 | 2.61 | 2.65 | 2.56 | 2.6 | 2.58 |
Los Angeles abrasion test 25/50 | wt. % | 48 | 46 | 66 | 67 | 53 |
Mico Deval test 25/50 | wt.% | 55 | 50 | 68 | 70 | 54 |
Degradability coefficient | wt.% | 10.10 | 9.10 | 13.80 | 14.60 | 12.70 |
Fragmentability coefficient | wt.% | 8.90 | 7.50 | 10.10 | 11.40 | 10.50 |
Material classification | - | C1B5 | C1B5 | C1B5 | C1B5 | C1B5 |
PMWR Sample | I1 | I2 | I3 | I4 | I5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major elements (wt. %) | ||||||
SiO2 | 41.30 | 50.10 | 55.50 | 53.90 | 56.40 | |
Al2O3 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 4.10 | 3.80 | 3.10 | |
Fe2O3 | - | - | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.30 | |
CaO | 18.70 | 16.20 | 12.10 | 12.90 | 12.50 | |
MgO | 9.10 | 7.20 | 4.90 | 5.50 | 5.40 | |
K2O | - | - | 1.60 | 1.31 | 1.00 | |
P2O5 | 4.22 | 5.40 | 5.10 | 4.70 | 4.20 | |
LOI | 24.20 | 18.30 | 15.50 | 17.40 | 16.90 | |
Corg | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.38 | |
S | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
Mineralogical composition (wt. %) | ||||||
Quartz | SiO2 | 41.21 | 49.80 | 32.00 | 30.10 | 33.60 |
Cristobalite | SiO2 | 17.40 | 18.40 | 18.40 | ||
Dolomite | (Ca,Mg)(CO3)2 | 40.89 | 32.00 | 21.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 |
Calcite | CaCO3 | 6.04 | 5.00 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.70 |
Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F | 6.42 | 6.20 | 8.30 | 8.10 | 7.90 |
Albite | NaAlSi3O8 | 5.06 | 6.40 | 6.20 | 5.60 | 4.90 |
Illite | (K,H3O)(Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)] | 11.00 | 9.20 | 6.50 | ||
Anorthite | CaAl2Si3O8 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.44 | 0.80 | 0.90 |
Sample | Zn | Se | Pb | Cu | Cr | Cd | As | V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | |
I1 | 0.55 | <0.10 | <0.60 | <0.50 | <0.20 | <0.10 | <1 | <1 |
I2 | 0.62 | <0.10 | <0.60 | <0.50 | <0.20 | <0.10 | <1 | <1 |
I3 | 0.73 | <0.10 | <0.60 | <0.50 | <0.20 | <0.10 | <1 | <1 |
I4 | 0.54 | <0.10 | <0.60 | <0.50 | <0.20 | <0.10 | <1 | <1 |
I5 | 0.56 | <0.10 | <0.60 | <0.50 | <0.20 | <0.10 | <1 | <1 |
Limits (US-EPA) | 2 | 1 | 5 | - | 5 | 1 | 5 | - |
State of Material | Before Compaction | After Compaction | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compaction Energy | 2 Passes | Evolution (%) | 4 Passes | Evolution (%) | 8 Passes | Evolution (%) | |
<0.08 mm (wt. %) | 19.20 | 21.00 | 9. 38 | 22. 70 | 18.23 | 22. 73 | 18. 39 |
<2 mm (wt. %) | 37.60 | 40.20 | 1.60 | 41.00 | 9.04 | 41.10 | 9.31 |
<20 mm (wt. %) | 63.80 | 68.00 | 6.58 | 71.00 | 11. 29 | 71.20 | 11.60 |
<50 mm (wt. %) | 89.20 | 95.00 | 6. 50 | 96.00 | 7. 62 | 96. 10 | 7.74 |
<2mm (0/50 mm) (wt. %) | 42.15 | 42.32 | 0.39 | 42.71 | 1.32 | 42.77 | 1.46 |
<0.08 mm (0/50 mm) (wt. %) | 21.52 | 22.11 | 2.70 | 23.65 | 9.85 | 23.65 | 9.89 |
MBV (g/100g) | 0.57 | 0.61 | 7.02 | 0.66 | 15.79 | 0.67 | 17.54 |
Layer | First Layer | Second Layer | Third Layer | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compaction Energy | 2 Passes | 4 Passes | 8 Passes | 2 Passes | 4 Passes | 8 Passes | 2 Passes | 4 Passes | 8 Passes | |
reference dry density (kN/m3) | 19.5 | |||||||||
Surface | dry density (kN/m3) | 18.2 | 19.4 | 19.0 | 18.4 | 19.4 | 19.1 | 18.2 | 19.5 | 19.1 |
compaction rate (%) | 93 | 99 | 97 | 94 | 99 | 98 | 93 | 100 | 98 | |
Bottom | dry density (kN/m3) | 17.4 | 18.2 | 18.1 | 17.5 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 17.3 | 18.3 | 17.8 |
compaction rate (%) | 90 | 96 | 95 | 91 | 96 | 94 | 90 | 95 | 96 |
Compaction Energy | 2 Passes | 4 Passes | 8 Passes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plate test (average of six points) | standard deviation | % | 2.23 | 2.52 | 2.68 |
EV1 | MPa | 45.70 | 57.30 | 57.10 | |
EV2 | MPa | 79.80 | 91.20 | 89.40 | |
K (EV2/EV1) | - | 1.75 | 1.59 | 1.57 |
Moisture Content (wt. %) | Compactor Class | Compactor Speed (km/h) | Compaction Energy | Thickness (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average (0.9 à 1.1) wopn | V4 (vibratory compactor roller) | 4 | 4 passes | 0.30 |
Characteristics of the Material | Risk | Proposed Remedies |
---|---|---|
Limited mechanical strength (presence of clay) |
| respect the optimum conditions of use (in situ tests) |
Presence of rock of different petrographic origin (heterogeneity) |
|
|
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Amrani, M.; Taha, Y.; Kchikach, A.; Benzaazoua, M.; Hakkou, R. Valorization of Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks as Materials for Road Construction. Minerals 2019, 9, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9040237
Amrani M, Taha Y, Kchikach A, Benzaazoua M, Hakkou R. Valorization of Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks as Materials for Road Construction. Minerals. 2019; 9(4):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9040237
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmrani, Mustapha, Yassine Taha, Azzouz Kchikach, Mostafa Benzaazoua, and Rachid Hakkou. 2019. "Valorization of Phosphate Mine Waste Rocks as Materials for Road Construction" Minerals 9, no. 4: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9040237