The Effects of Soil Porosity and Mix Design of Volcanic Ash-Based Geopolymer on the Surface Strength of Highly Wind Erodible Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Modified Proctor Tests (Effects of Binder Addition)
3.2. Rheological Examination
3.3. Surface Penetrometer Tests
3.4. Uniaxial Compressive Strength Tests (Effects of Soil Porosity)
3.5. SEM-EDX
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxides Wt.% | SiO2 | CaO | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | Na2O | MgO | TiO2 | SrO | SO3 | P2O5 | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volcanic Ash | 53.89 | 8.97 | 20.31 | 3.45 | 1.92 | 5.15 | 1.42 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 3.80 |
Sand | 94.33 | 1.05 | 2.03 | 0.90 | 0.21 | 0.49 | - | 0.12 | - | - | - | 0.86 |
Parameter | Soil | Porosity | Number of Tests | Tests | Sample Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penetration force (N) and Crust thickness (mm) | FS30 | 0.41, 0.38, 0.37, 0.33 | 3 | Soil surface penetrometer, topsoil crust measurement | Soil trays |
FS70 | 0.38 | 3 | |||
Compressive strength (kPa) | FS30 | 0.41, 0.38, 0.37, 0.33 | 3 | Uniaxial compressive strength tests | Cylindrical specimens |
FS70 | 0.47, 0.44, 0.40, 0.38 | 3 |
VA% | AA% | VA/AA | Viscosity Tests | UCS | Surface Penetrometer Tests |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.5 | 15 | 0.17 | ✓ | ✓ | |
2.5 | 10 | 0.25 | ✓ | ✓ | |
5 | 15 | 0.34 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
5 | 10 | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | |
10 | 15 | 0.67 | ✓ |
VA/AA | Correlation | COD | Plastic Viscosity (Pa.s) | Yield Stress (Pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.67 | y = 0.0557x + 0.3943 | 0.9981 | 0.0557 | 0.3943 |
0.5 | y = 0.0353x + 0.1609 | 0.9833 | 0.0353 | 0.1609 |
0.34 | y = 0.0261x + 0.017 | 0.9882 | 0.0261 | 0.017 |
0.25 | y = 0.0198x + 0.0148 | 0.9938 | 0.0198 | 0.0148 |
0.17 | y = 0.0153x + 0.0039 | 0.9979 | 0.0153 | 0.0039 |
Element | G (Wt.%) | S |
---|---|---|
(Wt.%) | ||
O | 45.53 | 53.04 |
Na | 23.65 | 2.66 |
Al | 7.21 | 0.77 |
Si | 23.6 | 43.52 |
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Mohebbi, H.R.; Javadi, A.A.; Azizkandi, A.S. The Effects of Soil Porosity and Mix Design of Volcanic Ash-Based Geopolymer on the Surface Strength of Highly Wind Erodible Soils. Minerals 2022, 12, 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12080984
Mohebbi HR, Javadi AA, Azizkandi AS. The Effects of Soil Porosity and Mix Design of Volcanic Ash-Based Geopolymer on the Surface Strength of Highly Wind Erodible Soils. Minerals. 2022; 12(8):984. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12080984
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohebbi, Hamid Reza, Akbar A. Javadi, and Alireza Saeedi Azizkandi. 2022. "The Effects of Soil Porosity and Mix Design of Volcanic Ash-Based Geopolymer on the Surface Strength of Highly Wind Erodible Soils" Minerals 12, no. 8: 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12080984