Potential Impacts of Soil Tillage System on Isoflavone Concentration of Soybean as Functional Food Ingredients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Field Experimental Design and Crop Management at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda-Cluj, Romania
2.3. Yields and Isoflavone Contents of Soybean Grown during 2014–2016
2.4. Isoflavone Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Experimental Year 2014
3.2. Experimental Year 2015
3.3. Experimental Year 2016
3.4. Comparison of Soybean Yields and Isoflavone Concentrations for 2014–2016
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Conventional Soil Tillage with and without Weed Controls | No. | Minimum Tillage with and without Weed Controls | No. | No-tillage with Weed and without Controls |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | sms1wct1 | 4 | sms2wct1 | 7 | sms3wct1 |
2 | sms1wct2 | 5 | sms2wct2 | 8 | sms3wct2 |
3 | sms1wct3 | 6 | sms2wct3 | 9 | sms3wct3 |
Year Crop Yield (kg/ha) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Soil Systems | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
sms1wct1 | 429 ± 11 aA | 496 ± 15 aB | 521 ± 19 aC |
sms1wct2 | 2167 ± 183 bA | 2243 ± 198 bA | 3012 ± 111 bB |
sms1wct3 | 2048 ± 176 bA | 2152 ± 189 bA | 2952 ± 96 bB |
Average | 1548 ± 123 | 1630 ± 134 | 2161.91 ± 75 |
sms2wct1 | 397 ± 7 aA | 492 ± 16 aB | 510 ± 18 aB |
sms2wct2 | 2015 ± 189 bA | 2076 ± 177 bA | 2980 ± 89 bB |
sms2wct3 | 1943 ± 163 bA | 1974 ± 170 bA | 2834 ± 73 bB |
Average | 1451 ± 120 | 1514 ± 121 | 2108 ± 60 |
sms3wct1 | 385 ± 7 aA | 488 ± 14 aB | 492 ± 17 aB |
sms3wct2 | 1950 ± 175 bA | 1991 ± 168 bA | 2874 ± 78 bB |
sms3wct3 | 1921 ± 180 bA | 1986 ± 171 bA | 2812 ± 118 bB |
Average | 1418 ± 121 | 1488 ± 118 | 2059 ± 71 |
Total Average | 1473 ± 12 | 1544 ± 14 | 2109 ± 9 |
Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|
Total Isoflavones | Amounts (µg/g) | Amounts (µg/g) | Amounts (µg/g) |
sms1wct1 | 6800 ± 510 aA | 7854 ± 405 bB | 8172 ± 319 bC |
sms1wct2 | 7131 ± 528 bA | 7569 ± 449 aA | 8433 ± 260 cB |
sms1wct3 | 6744 ± 644 aA | 7598 ± 361 aA | 8256 ± 238 bB |
Average | 6892 ± 561 | 7674 ± 405 | 8287 ± 272 |
sms2wct1 | 6843 ± 577 aA | 7857 ± 449 bB | 8575 ± 270 cC |
sms2wct2 | 6960 ± 613 aA | 7677 ± 382 aB | 8097 ± 404 bB |
sms2wct3 | 6696 ± 610 aA | 7653 ± 481 aB | 7701 ± 362 aB |
Average | 6833 ± 600 | 7729 ± 437 | 8124 ± 345 |
sms3wct1 | 7493 ± 601 cA | 8457 ± 490 cC | 8181 ± 297 bA |
sms3wct2 | 7097 ± 492 bA | 8778 ± 428 dC | 7909 ± 313 aA |
sms3wct3 | 6731 ± 484 aA | 8455 ± 430 cC | 7834 ± 297 aB |
Average | 7107 ± 526 | 8563 ± 449 | 7901 ± 302 |
Total average | 6944 ± 562 | 7989 ± 430 | 8129 ± 307 |
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Mureșan, L.; Clapa, D.; Borsai, O.; Rusu, T.; Wang, T.T.Y.; Park, J.B. Potential Impacts of Soil Tillage System on Isoflavone Concentration of Soybean as Functional Food Ingredients. Land 2020, 9, 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100386
Mureșan L, Clapa D, Borsai O, Rusu T, Wang TTY, Park JB. Potential Impacts of Soil Tillage System on Isoflavone Concentration of Soybean as Functional Food Ingredients. Land. 2020; 9(10):386. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100386
Chicago/Turabian StyleMureșan, Liliana, Doina Clapa, Orsolya Borsai, Teodor Rusu, Thomas T. Y. Wang, and Jae B. Park. 2020. "Potential Impacts of Soil Tillage System on Isoflavone Concentration of Soybean as Functional Food Ingredients" Land 9, no. 10: 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100386