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Tabonuco and Plantation Forests at Higher Elevations Are More Vulnerable to Hurricane Damage and Slower to Recover in Southeastern Puerto Rico
 
 
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Volume 15
Issue 1
10.3390/land15010171
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Correction to Land 2025, 14(7), 1324.
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Correction

Correction: Caslin et al. Tabonuco and Plantation Forests at Higher Elevations Are More Vulnerable to Hurricane Damage and Slower to Recover in Southeastern Puerto Rico. Land 2025, 14, 1324

by
Michael W. Caslin
1,
Madhusudan Katti
1,*,
Stacy A. C. Nelson
1 and
Thrity Vakil
2
1
Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
2
Director of Tropic Ventures Sustainable Forestry & Rainforest Enrichment Project, Las Casas de la Selva, Hc 63 Bzn 3879, Patillas, PR 00723, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2026, 15(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010171
Submission received: 26 November 2025 / Accepted: 8 December 2025 / Published: 15 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Dynamics of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Planning (Second Edition))
Versions Notes

Text Correction

There was an error in the original publication [1]. An incorrect word “increases” was used in the abstract which can result in the misinterpretation of results.
A correction has been made to the Abstract paragraph, in Sentence 8:
Hurricanes are major drivers of forest structure in the Caribbean. In 2017, Hurricane Maria caused substantial damage to Puerto Rico’s forests. We studied forest structure variation across 75 sites at Las Casas de la Selva, a sustainable forest plantation in Patillas, Puerto Rico, seven years after Hurricane Maria hit the property. At each site we analyzed 360° photos in a 3D VR headset to quantify the vertical structure and transformed them into hemispherical images to quantify canopy closure and ground cover. We also computed the Vertical Habitat Diversity Index (VHDI) from the amount of foliage in four strata: herbaceous, shrub, understory, and canopy. Using the Local Bivariate Relationship tool in ArcGIS Pro, we analyzed the relationship between forest recovery (vertical structure, canopy closure, and ground cover) and damage. Likewise, we analyzed the effects of elevation, slope, and aspect, on damage, canopy closure, and vertical forest structure. We found that canopy closure decreases with increasing elevation and decreases with the amount of damage. Higher elevations show a greater amount of damage even seven years post hurricane. We conclude that trees in the mixed tabonuco/plantation forest are more susceptible to hurricanes at higher elevations. The results have implications for plantation forest management under climate-change-driven higher intensity hurricane regimes.
The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.

Reference

  1. Caslin, M.W.; Katti, M.; Nelson, S.A.C.; Vakil, T. Tabonuco and Plantation Forests at Higher Elevations Are More Vulnerable to Hurricane Damage and Slower to Recover in Southeastern Puerto Rico. Land 2025, 14, 1324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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MDPI and ACS Style

Caslin, M.W.; Katti, M.; Nelson, S.A.C.; Vakil, T. Correction: Caslin et al. Tabonuco and Plantation Forests at Higher Elevations Are More Vulnerable to Hurricane Damage and Slower to Recover in Southeastern Puerto Rico. Land 2025, 14, 1324. Land 2026, 15, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010171

AMA Style

Caslin MW, Katti M, Nelson SAC, Vakil T. Correction: Caslin et al. Tabonuco and Plantation Forests at Higher Elevations Are More Vulnerable to Hurricane Damage and Slower to Recover in Southeastern Puerto Rico. Land 2025, 14, 1324. Land. 2026; 15(1):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010171

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caslin, Michael W., Madhusudan Katti, Stacy A. C. Nelson, and Thrity Vakil. 2026. "Correction: Caslin et al. Tabonuco and Plantation Forests at Higher Elevations Are More Vulnerable to Hurricane Damage and Slower to Recover in Southeastern Puerto Rico. Land 2025, 14, 1324" Land 15, no. 1: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010171

APA Style

Caslin, M. W., Katti, M., Nelson, S. A. C., & Vakil, T. (2026). Correction: Caslin et al. Tabonuco and Plantation Forests at Higher Elevations Are More Vulnerable to Hurricane Damage and Slower to Recover in Southeastern Puerto Rico. Land 2025, 14, 1324. Land, 15(1), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010171

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