Applying the Delphi Approach to Incorporate Voiceless Stakeholders in Community Planning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Key Elements and Limitations of Participatory Planning
2.2. Applications of the Delphi Method in the Fields of Policy and Planning
3. Materials and Methods: Case Study Synopsis
3.1. Context of the Case Study
3.2. Participatory Planning for Seohak-Ro Street Design
3.3. Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptions of the Participation Planning Process
4.1.1. The First Subcommittee Meeting
4.1.2. The Second Subcommittee Meeting and the First PAP Delphi Survey
4.1.3. The Third Subcommittee Meeting and the Second PAP Delphi Survey
4.1.4. The Fourth Subcommittee Meeting and the Third PAP Delphi Survey
4.2. Analyses of the Participatory Planning Process
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questions Used in the PAP Delphi Survey
Questions | Response Rates for Each of the Questions | ||
---|---|---|---|
What design techniques do you think are appropriate for roadways and sidewalks? | Shared Use (No Separation) | Maintain as is (Elevation Separation) | Physical Separation (Bollards, Benches, Planters, etc.) |
20% | 20% | 60% | |
What design techniques do you think are appropriate for on-street parking? | No Parking | Maintain as is (Allow Fully) | Allow partially |
15% | 15% | 70% | |
What design do you think is appropriate for streetlights? | Traditional form | Maintain as is | - |
76% | 24% | - | |
What design techniques do you think are appropriate for the west entrance? | Installation of a gate | Maintain as is | Installation of objets |
50% | 15% | 35% | |
Do you think it is appropriate to install a digital information kiosk at the west entrance? | necessary | unnecessary | - |
76% | 24% | - | |
What design techniques do you think are appropriate for the east entrance? | Installation of objets | Maintain as is | - |
75% | 25% | - | |
Do you think it is appropriate to install a digital information kiosk at the east entrance? | necessary | unnecessary | - |
62% | 38% | - | |
What design techniques do you think are appropriate for the north entrance? | Installation of objets | Maintain as is | - |
81% | 19% | - | |
Do you think it is appropriate to install a digital information kiosk at the north entrance? | necessary | unnecessary | - |
71% | 29% | - |
Questions | Min | Max | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Are you satisfied with the parklet design for Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 2 | 5 | 3.71 | 0.98 |
Are you satisfied with the streetlight design for Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 3.38 | 1.25 |
Are you satisfied with the overall street design for Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 2 | 5 | 3.45 | 0.94 |
Are you satisfied with the gate-type design for the west entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 2 | 5 | 3.57 | 0.90 |
Are you satisfied with the overall street design for the west entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 2 | 5 | 3.62 | 0.79 |
Are you satisfied with the objet-type design for the west entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 3 | 5 | 3.95 | 0.80 |
Are you satisfied with the overall street design for the west entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 3 | 5 | 3.95 | 0.83 |
Are you satisfied with the objet-type design for the east entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 2 | 5 | 3.75 | 0.77 |
Are you satisfied with the overall street design for the east entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 3 | 5 | 3.65 | 0.68 |
Are you satisfied with the objet-type design for the north entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 3.71 | 1.12 |
Are you satisfied with the overall street design for the north entrance? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 2 | 5 | 3.94 | 0.91 |
Questions | Min | Max | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Are you satisfied with the pavement design for Alternative 1 on Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 4.03 | 1.10 |
Are you satisfied with the pavement design for Alternative 2 on Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 3.22 | 1.26 |
Are you satisfied with the parklet and parking space layout for Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 3.10 | 1.56 |
Are you satisfied with the parklet design for Alternative 1 on Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 2.81 | 1.33 |
Are you satisfied with the parklet design for Alternative 2 on Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 3.34 | 1.54 |
Are you satisfied with the trash can design for Alternative 1 on Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 4.10 | 1.04 |
Are you satisfied with the trash can design for Alternative 2 on Seohak-ro? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 2.35 | 1.30 |
Are you satisfied with the streetlight design for the east and north entrances? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 3.97 | 1.08 |
Are you satisfied with the digital information kiosk for the west, east, and north entrances? (1 = Very dissatisfied, 2 = Dissatisfied, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) | 1 | 5 | 4.00 | 1.14 |
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Artists (N) | Shop Owners (N) | Residents (N) | Total (N) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
First Subcommittee meeting | 4 | - | - | 4 |
Second Subcommittee meeting | 3 | - | 1 | 4 |
First PAP Delphi survey | 10 | 11 | - | 21 |
Third Subcommittee meeting | 3 | - | 1 | 4 |
Second PAP Delphi survey | 12 | 10 | - | 22 |
Fourth Subcommittee meeting | 3 | - | 2 | 5 |
Third PAP Delphi survey | 8 | 22 | - | 30 |
Before PAP Delphi | First PAP Delphi | Second PAP Delphi | Third PAP Delphi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Street parking and Parklets | Artists | No parking | No parking | Partial parking allowed, but prefer no parking on the western side | Partial parking allowed, but replace parking space with parklets on the western side |
Shop owners | - | Parking Allowed and reduced vehicle speeds | Partial parking allowed | Partial parking allowed, arranging parking spaces and parklets appropriately. | |
Pavement Types | Artists | Pave the entire street with natural stone | Pave the entire street with natural stone | Pave the entire street with natural stone by securing an additional budget | Pave the west side of the street with natural stone, considering the limited budget |
Shop owners | - | No opinion | No opinion | Pave the west side of street with natural stone (pavement material is not important) | |
Curbless Street Design | Artists | Necessary | Necessary | Necessary | Necessary |
Shop owners | - | Not necessary | Necessary | Necessary | |
Street Entrance Design | Artists | Installation of objets at every entrance | Installation of objets at every entrance | Installation of objets at every entrance | Installation of objets at every entrance |
Shop owners | - | No opinion | Installation of objets at east and north entrances | Installation of objets at every entrance |
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Ju, J.; Kim, J. Applying the Delphi Approach to Incorporate Voiceless Stakeholders in Community Planning. Land 2023, 12, 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101941
Ju J, Kim J. Applying the Delphi Approach to Incorporate Voiceless Stakeholders in Community Planning. Land. 2023; 12(10):1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101941
Chicago/Turabian StyleJu, Jongwng, and Jaecheol Kim. 2023. "Applying the Delphi Approach to Incorporate Voiceless Stakeholders in Community Planning" Land 12, no. 10: 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101941
APA StyleJu, J., & Kim, J. (2023). Applying the Delphi Approach to Incorporate Voiceless Stakeholders in Community Planning. Land, 12(10), 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101941