A Survey Bias Index Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery to Review the Accuracy of Rural Surveys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Profile of the Study Area
2.2. Questionnaire and Survey Design
2.3. UAV Survey
2.4. Three-Dimensional Modeling for Visual Interpretation
2.5. Survey Bias Index
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Areas of Homesteads Identified by Questionnaire and UAV
3.3. SBI in the Rural Homesteads Survey
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Declaration of Self-Responsibility for Ethical Issues
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Number | Question | Options or Unites |
---|---|---|
Q1 | Your gender | 1 = male; 0 = female |
Q2 | Your age | Years |
Q3 | How many years of school education have your received? | Years in school |
Q4 | Your employment | 1 = agriculture; 0 = non-agriculture |
Q5 | What is the area of the homestead | Area of homestead, m2 |
Q6 | How many people currently live in the household? | Number of individuals |
Q7 | How many years has the residence been build? | Years |
Variable | Minimum | Maximum | Average | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (1 = male; 0 = female) | 0 | 1 | 0.58 | 0.49 |
Age (years) | 32 | 82 | 58.93 | 13.01 |
Education level (years in school) | 0 | 12 | 6.31 | 3.96 |
Employment (1 = agriculture; 0 = non-agriculture) | 0 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
Area of homestead (m2) | 50 | 170 | 93.20 | 29.13 |
Number of individuals in the household | 1 | 10 | 4.10 | 2.27 |
Years for residence been built (years) | 1 | 64 | 29 | 13.97 |
Survey Areas | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Zone A | 1652.12 | 1237.29 | 425.56 | 0.515 |
Zone B | 2013.75 | 1662.85 | 361.63 | 0.258 |
Study area | 3676.60 | 2889.41 | 787.19 | 0.439 |
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Zhang, X. A Survey Bias Index Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery to Review the Accuracy of Rural Surveys. Land 2022, 11, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060873
Zhang X. A Survey Bias Index Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery to Review the Accuracy of Rural Surveys. Land. 2022; 11(6):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060873
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xueyan. 2022. "A Survey Bias Index Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery to Review the Accuracy of Rural Surveys" Land 11, no. 6: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060873
APA StyleZhang, X. (2022). A Survey Bias Index Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery to Review the Accuracy of Rural Surveys. Land, 11(6), 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060873