The Khandaq Shapur: Defense, Irrigation, Boundary, Frontier
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Landscape Archaeology
2.2. Cuneiform Studies
3. Results
3.1. Landscape Archaeology
3.2. Cuneiform Studies
- itâ E u PA5 la tettiq: do not cross a border line, a border ditch or a canal (BRM, 4, 12:58); (CAD, I, P. 67:b)
- E u PA5 la tettiq: you must not cross a border ditch or a canal (Maqlu, 5, 133; CAD, I, P. 67:b)
- E.BI ID2.NUN.TA GU2.EDIN.NA.ŠE3 IB.TA.NI.E3: he made the boundary ditch go from the great river to the guedina (SAKI, No: 38 ii 1; CAD, I, P. 68:b).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Location | Depth (cm) | DateBP | Date, cal. BC (Probability) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta—349664 (see [31]) | 32 15 29.30 N 44 18 6.60 E | 30 | 1270 ± 30 BP | AD 420–570 (95%) |
Beta—514319 (Trench J2) | 32 21 37.15 N 44 15 3.75 E | 170 | 2270 ± 30 BP | 400–351 BC (49.3%) 304–210 BC (46.1%) |
Beta—514320 (Trench J2) | 32 21 37.05 N 44 15 3.61 E | 190 | 2920 ± 30 BP | 1211–1020 BC (95.4%) |
Beta—514321 (Trench J3) | 32 12 31.90 N 44 18 38.94 E | 105 | 3530 ± 30 BP | 1943–1763 BC (95.4%) |
Beta—514322 (Trench J3) | 32 12 31.09 N 44 18 39.08 E | 97 | 3530 ± 30 BP | 1943–1763 BC (95.4%) |
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de Gruchy, M.; Jotheri, J.; Alqaragholi, H.; Al-Janabi, J.; Alabdan, R.; Al-Talaqani, H.; Almamouri, G.; Al-Rubaye, H. The Khandaq Shapur: Defense, Irrigation, Boundary, Frontier. Land 2021, 10, 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101017
de Gruchy M, Jotheri J, Alqaragholi H, Al-Janabi J, Alabdan R, Al-Talaqani H, Almamouri G, Al-Rubaye H. The Khandaq Shapur: Defense, Irrigation, Boundary, Frontier. Land. 2021; 10(10):1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101017
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Gruchy, Michelle, Jaafar Jotheri, Hayder Alqaragholi, Jassim Al-Janabi, Raheem Alabdan, Haneen Al-Talaqani, Ghadeer Almamouri, and Hajir Al-Rubaye. 2021. "The Khandaq Shapur: Defense, Irrigation, Boundary, Frontier" Land 10, no. 10: 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101017