Subsurface Flow Phytoremediation Using Barley Plants for Water Recovery from Kerosene-Contaminated Water: Effect of Kerosene Concentration and Removal Kinetics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preliminary Test
2.2. Setup of the Phytoremediation Experimental Test Procedure
2.3. The Measurement of Water Physicochemical Properties
2.4. Water Sampling
2.5. Sand Sampling
2.6. Plant Growth
2.7. Analysis and Removal Percentage of Kerosene
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preliminary Test
3.2. Monitoring of Physicochemical Parameters
3.3. Degradation and Removal of Kerosene from Water
3.4. Removal of Kerosene in Sand
3.5. Plant Behaviour to the Kerosene Contaminant
3.6. Kinetics of Removal
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Mathematical Formula |
---|---|
Zero order | |
First order | |
Second order | |
Grau |
System | Model | Parameter | Initial Concentration | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1% | 2% | 3% | |||
Plant | First order | 0.049 | 0.142 | 0.1535 | |
R2 | 0.687 | 0.921 | 0.9407 | ||
RSME | 703 | 1143 | 1713 | ||
MSE | 494,218 | 1,307,427 | 2,933,396 | ||
Second order | 0.000033 | 0.000015 | 0.000011 | ||
R2 | 0.976 | 0.972 | 0.9793 | ||
RSME | 445 | 721 | 790 | ||
MSE | 197,798 | 520,046 | 624,593 | ||
Zero order | 280.919 | 555.142 | 844.7689 | ||
R2 | 0.468 | 0.475 | 0.4754 | ||
RSME | 1055 | 1753 | 3170 | ||
MSE | 1,112,476 | 3,073,787 | 10,049,635 | ||
Grau | 1.003 | 1.079 | 1.1515 | ||
1.137 | 1.149 | 1.1274 | |||
R2 | 0.998 | 0.998 | 0.9989 | ||
RSME | 304 | 558 | 630 | ||
MSE | 92,426 | 310,830 | 396,557 | ||
Without plant | First order | 0.092 | 0.081 | 0.0832 | |
R2 | 0.797 | 0.777 | 0.7695 | ||
RSME | 438 | 209 | 683 | ||
MSE | 192,075 | 43,871 | 466,723 | ||
Second order | 0.000020 | 0.000009 | 0.000006 | ||
R2 | 0.917 | 0.912 | 0.9055 | ||
RSME | 382 | 1618 | 4580 | ||
MSE | 145,608 | 2,619,230 | 20,976,788 | ||
Zero order | 252.831 | 498.344 | 745.9159 | ||
R2 | 0.422 | 0.444 | 0.4230 | ||
RSME | 499 | 245 | 798 | ||
MSE | 248,238 | 60,013 | 636,626 | ||
Grau | 0.624 | 0.784 | 0.5818 | ||
1.279 | 1.295 | 1.3044 | |||
R2 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 0.9996 | ||
RSME | 99 | 205 | 221 | ||
MSE | 9834 | 42,026 | 49,030 |
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M-Ridha, M.J.; Faeq Ali, M.; Hussein Taly, A.; Abed, K.M.; Mohammed, S.J.; Muhamad, M.H.; Abu Hasan, H. Subsurface Flow Phytoremediation Using Barley Plants for Water Recovery from Kerosene-Contaminated Water: Effect of Kerosene Concentration and Removal Kinetics. Water 2022, 14, 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050687
M-Ridha MJ, Faeq Ali M, Hussein Taly A, Abed KM, Mohammed SJ, Muhamad MH, Abu Hasan H. Subsurface Flow Phytoremediation Using Barley Plants for Water Recovery from Kerosene-Contaminated Water: Effect of Kerosene Concentration and Removal Kinetics. Water. 2022; 14(5):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050687
Chicago/Turabian StyleM-Ridha, Mohanad J., Muna Faeq Ali, Ahmed Hussein Taly, Khalid M. Abed, Sabah J. Mohammed, Mohd Hafizuddin Muhamad, and Hassimi Abu Hasan. 2022. "Subsurface Flow Phytoremediation Using Barley Plants for Water Recovery from Kerosene-Contaminated Water: Effect of Kerosene Concentration and Removal Kinetics" Water 14, no. 5: 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050687