Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Sulfonylurea Herbicides by Electroflotation: Chemical and Ecotoxicological Efficacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Electroflotation
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Chemical Efficacy
2.3.1. Residual Aluminum (Al+3)
2.3.2. Herbicide Degradation
2.3.3. Degradation Products
2.4. Ecotoxicological Efficacy
2.4.1. Growth Test (72 h) with Raphidocelis subcapitata
2.4.2. Lethality Test (48 h) with Daphnia magna
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Efficacy
3.1.1. Residual Aluminum (Al+3)
3.1.2. Herbicide Degradation
3.1.3. Degradation Products
3.2. Ecotoxicological Efficacy
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment Test | Electric Current I (A) | Electrolyte Concentration (mg L−1 NaCl) |
---|---|---|
A1 | 1.50 | 0.25 |
A2 | 1.50 | 0.50 |
A3 | 1.00 | 0.25 |
A4 | 1.00 | 0.50 |
Treatment Test | Al+3 (mg L−1) a | |
A0 | <LOQ b | |
A1 | 0.22 ± 0.01 a | |
A2 | 0.43 ± 0.04 c | |
A3 | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | |
A4 | 0.32 ± 0.02 b | |
Maximum Al+3 permitted in international legislation (mg L−1) c | ||
Country/Region | Al+3 (mg L−1) | Reference |
Brazil | 0.20 | [19] |
EU | 0.20 | [20] |
US | 0.05–0.20 | [21] |
Toxicity Test | Parameter | A0 (%) | A3 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
R. subcapitata | EC20 | <3.13 a | <3.13 b |
EC50 | <3.13 a | <3.13 b | |
D. magna | LC20 | 12.0 (7.94–15.4) | 12.3 (9.80–14.8) |
LC50 | 20.5 (16.0–25.6) | 17.1 (14.2–26.0) |
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Nunes, R.R.; Ribeiro, R.; Morão, G.M.; Rezende, M.O.O.; Moreira-Santos, M. Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Sulfonylurea Herbicides by Electroflotation: Chemical and Ecotoxicological Efficacy. Water 2022, 14, 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172723
Nunes RR, Ribeiro R, Morão GM, Rezende MOO, Moreira-Santos M. Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Sulfonylurea Herbicides by Electroflotation: Chemical and Ecotoxicological Efficacy. Water. 2022; 14(17):2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172723
Chicago/Turabian StyleNunes, Ramom R., Rui Ribeiro, Gabriel M. Morão, Maria O. O. Rezende, and Matilde Moreira-Santos. 2022. "Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Sulfonylurea Herbicides by Electroflotation: Chemical and Ecotoxicological Efficacy" Water 14, no. 17: 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172723