Methane Production and Oxidation in Mangrove Soils Assessed by Stable Isotope Mass Balances
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Theoretical Considerations
2.3. Sampling Procedure
2.4. Isotopic Fractionation during Methanogenesis and Relative Contribution of Pathways
2.5. Mangrove Wetland Characterizations
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Mangrove Forest and Soil Properties
3.2. Field Pore Water CO2 and CH4 Concentrations and δ13C Signatures
3.3. Laboratory Incubations
3.4. Isotope Mass Balances
3.5. Tidal, Forest Structure, and Water Quality Influences on Methane Production
4. Discussion
4.1. Validity of the Isotope–Mass Balance Approach to Estimate Methane Production in Mangroves
4.2. Dominance of Aerobic versus Anaerobic Respiration in Mangrove Soils
4.3. Methanogenesis Pathways and Shifts Derived by Shrimp-Farming
4.4. Alternative Non-Competitive Substrates for Methanogenesis in Mangroves
4.5. Sulfate Reduction Coupled to AOM in Mangroves
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MEL-1 | MEL-2 | MEL-3 | DOM-1 | DOM-2 | ALG-1 | ALG-2 | ALG-3 | ALG-4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tidal elev. (mAMSL) | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.61 | 0.6 | 0.58 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Tidal freq. (tides d−1) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Distance to lagoon (m) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 50 | 55 | 55 | 2 | 2 |
Distance to effluent (m) | 169 | 594 | 714 | 10 | 278 | No effluent | |||
Mangrovesoil: | |||||||||
Salinity (g kg−1) | 31.5 ± 0.4 | 40.2 ± 0.9 | 40.1 ± 0.5 | 30.4 ± 0.8 | 35.1 ± 0.4 | 34.7 ± 0.7 | 35.2 ± 0.1 | 34.7 ± 0.3 | 35.3 ± 0.5 |
Total organic carbon (%) | 2.1 ± 0.06 | 1.5 ± 0.03 | 2.1 ± 0.07 | 2.2 ± 0.07 | 0.6 ± 0.002 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.12 | 1.6 ± 0.27 | 2.1 ± 0.03 |
Total nitrogen (%) | 0.2 ± 0.004 | 0.1 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.007 | 0.2 ± 0.003 | 0.1 ± 0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.002 | 0.2 ± 0.006 | 0.1 ± 0.13 | 0.2 ± 0.0003 |
Total phosphorus (%) | 0.06 ± 0.008 | 0.05 ± 0.003 | 0.06 ± 0.009 | 0.06 ± 0.012 | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.03 ± 0.003 | 0.03 ± 0.006 |
δ13C-Organic matter (‰) | −25 ± 0.04 | −25.2 ± 0.01 | −24.9 ± 0.06 | −24.5 ± 0.07 | −22 ± 0.11 | −25.1 ± 0.08 | −25.1 ± 0.07 | −24.5 ± 0.33 | −24.7 ± 0.09 |
Bulk density (g cm−3) | 1.57 ± 0.01 | 1.51 ± 0.003 | 1.59 ± 0.01 | 1.69 ± 0.01 | 1.69 ± 0.002 | 1.09 ± 0.002 | 1.09 ± 0.002 | 1.15 ± 0.003 | 1.09 ± 0.01 |
Sand/Silt/Clay (%) | 55/20/25 | 62/23/15 | 58/24/18 | 33/21/46 | 29/39/32 | 12/26/62 | 14/33/53 | 12/45/43 | 16/41/43 |
Soilpore water: | |||||||||
Eh redox potential (mV) | −117 to −172 | −119 to −179 | −121 to −175 | −121 to −169 | −118 to −166 | −121 to −165 | −125 to −168 | −129 to −172 | −128 to −177 |
Ammonium (mg N L−1) | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
Nitrate (mg N L−1) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.08 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Total nitrogen (mg N L−1) | 2.74 | 2.62 | 2.83 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 1.16 | 0.85 | 0.69 | 0.92 |
Total phosphorus (mg P L−1) | 0.63 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
Sulfate (mM) | 26.5 | 27.6 | 28.4 | 25.1 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 26.8 | 28.9 | 29.1 |
Mangroveforest stand: | |||||||||
Tree density (tree ha−1) | 2600 | 3300 | 2900 | 3100 | 900 | 3800 | 4400 | ||
Mean tree heigth (m) | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | ||
Basal area (m2 ha−1) | 7.4 | 50.8 | 32.8 | 15.6 | 2.5 | 58.5 | 77.8 |
MEL-1 | MEL-2 | MEL-3 | DOM-1 | DOM-2 | ALG-1 | ALG-2 | ALG-3 | ALG-4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Field measurements: | |||||||||
δ13C-OM (‰) | −25.1 ± 0.02 | −25.1 ± 0.03 | −25 ± 0.03 | −23.3 ± 0.04 | −23.1 ± 0.09 | −25.1 ± 0.02 | −25.1 ± 0.01 | −24.6 ± 0.05 | −24.7 ± 0.13 |
δ13C-CH4 (‰) | −46.1 ± 2.86 | −72.2 ± 3.00 | −69.6 ± 7.98 | −53.4 ± 7.56 | −57.8 ± 15.1 | −66.2 ± 1.74 | −68.4 ± 1.81 | −64.5 ± 1.55 | −67 ± 0.71 |
δ13C-CO2-pore water (‰) | −10.9 ± 1.61 | −12.3 ± 0.23 | −13.6 ± 0.06 | −7.9 ± 0.31 | −9.6 ± 2.55 | −11.7 ± 2.51 | −12.8 ± 0.72 | −14.2 ± 0.47 | −12 ± 0.12 |
(δ13C-CO2-meth) | −4 ± 2.87 | 22 ± 3.05 | 19.5 ± 7.92 | 6.9 ± 7.64 | 11.7 ± 15.12 | 16 ± 1.69 | 18.3 ± 1.82 | 15.3 ± 1.48 | 17.6 ± 0.45 |
(f CO2-meth) | 0.67 ± 0.13 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.05 | 0.53 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.22 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.001 |
(f CO2-OM+AOM+other) | 0.24 ± 0.13 | 0.73 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.13 | 0.55 ± 0.22 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.02 | 0.7 ± 0.001 |
[CH4]Prod (µM) | 129.9 ± 18.97 | 60.06 ± 9.37 | 51.65 ± 11.15 | 106.88 ± 28.76 | 215.17 ± 135.88 | 116.68 ± 62.62 | 199.03 ± 52.5 | 157.8 ± 29.11 | 127.76 ± 6.16 |
[CH4]Meas (µM) | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.1 | 0.39 ± 0.24 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
[CH4]Fug (µM) | 129.86 ± 18.97 | 59.99 ± 9.35 | 51.49 ± 11.2 | 106.84 ± 28.77 | 215.05 ± 135.95 | 116.29 ± 62.39 | 198.8 ± 52.5 | 157.71 ± 29.11 | 127.66 ± 6.15 |
(f CH4-Fug) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Methanog. [CO2-eq (mM)] | 3.6 ± 0.53 | 1.67 ± 0.26 | 1.43 ± 0.31 | 2.97 ± 0.8 | 5.97 ± 3.77 | 3.24 ± 1.74 | 5.52 ± 1.46 | 4.38 ± 0.81 | 3.55 ± 0.17 |
Laboratory incubations: | |||||||||
δ13C-OM (‰) | −25.1 ± 0.03 | −25.1 ± 0.04 | −25.0 ± 0.03 | −23.3 ± 0.06 | −23 ± 0.08 | −25.1 ± 0.02 | −25.1 ± 0 | −24.6 ± 0.06 | −24.7 ± 0.13 |
δ13C-CH4 (‰) | −77.4 ± 3.13 | −80.4 ± 1.27 | −72.3 ± 28.26 | −67.8 ± 8.03 | −61.3 ± 0.99 | −66.5 ± 1.41 | −69.2 ± 0.71 | −64.2 ± 5.03 | −65.1 ± 1.03 |
δ13C-CO2-pore water (‰) | −24.5 ± 0.14 | −24.7 ± 0.03 | −25.7 ± 0.64 | −23.5 ± 0.12 | −23.6 ± 0.1 | −25 ± 0.02 | −18.3 ± 2.59 | −22.9 ± 0.51 | −25.7 ± 0.12 |
(δ13C-CO2-meth) | 27.3 ± 3.18 | 30.2 ± 1.19 | 22.2 ± 28.32 | 21.3 ± 7.91 | 15.3 ± 0.82 | 16.3 ± 1.37 | 19 ± 0.71 | 15.1 ± 5.16 | 15.7 ± 1.29 |
(f CO2-meth) | 0.65 ± 0.01 | 0.65 ± 0.001 | 0.66 ± 0.14 | 0.66 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.001 | 0.68 ± 0.001 | 0.72 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.001 |
(f CO2-rest) | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.001 | 0.34 ± 0.14 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.001 | 0.32 ± 0.001 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.001 |
[CH4]Prod (µM) | 37.76 ± 0.44 | 17.56 ± 2.77 | 23.23 ± 10.69 | 13.39 ± 6.42 | 5.41 ± 2.23 | 29.84 ± 3.51 | 3.64 ± 3.13 | 43.93 ± 0.87 | 107.17 ± 2.11 |
[CH4]Meas (µM) | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.12 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 1.24 ± 0.76 | 1.6 ± 0.31 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 2.16 ± 1.24 |
[CH4]AOM (µM) | 37.54 ± 0.43 | 17.42 ± 2.8 | 23.2 ± 10.73 | 13.1 ± 6.55 | 5.36 ± 2.22 | 28.6 ± 2.75 | 2.04 ± 3.44 | 43.79 ± 0.85 | 105.01 ± 3.35 |
(f CH4-AOM) | 0.99 ± 0.001 | 0.99 ± 0.001 | 1 ± 0.001 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.001 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.74 | 1 ± 0.001 | 0.98 ± 0.01 |
Methanog. [CO2-eq (mM)] | 1.39 ± 0.02 | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 0.85 ± 0.39 | 0.49 ± 0.24 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | 1.1 ± 0.13 | 0.13 ± 0.12 | 1.61 ± 0.03 | 3.94 ± 0.08 |
δ13C-OM | δ13C-CH4-pore | δ13C-CH4-new | αCO2-CH4 (ε) | (f CH4-mc) | (f CH4-ma) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(‰) | (-) | (‰) | (-) | (-) | |||
MEL-1 | −25.1 ± 0.03 | −77.4 ± 3.13 | −80.21 ± 3.6 | 1.036 | (−36 ± 4) | 0.62 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.91 |
MEL-2 | −25.1 ± 0.04 | −80.4 ± 1.27 | −85.45 ± 0.15 | 1.039 | (−39 ± 1) | 0.76 ± 0 | 0.24 ± 1 |
MEL-3 | −25 ± 0.03 | −72.3 ± 28.26 | −75.05 ± 3.89 | 1.010 | (−10 ± 30) | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 0.51 ± 0.9 |
Mean | −25.06 ± 0.004 | −76.68 ± 3.96 | −80.24 ± 5.22 | 1.028 | (−28 ± 20) | 0.62 ± 0.13 | 0.38 ± 0.13 |
DOM-1 | −23.3 ± 0.06 | −67.8 ± 8.03 | −69.4 ± 7.78 | 1.029 | (−29 ± 9) | 0.34 ± 0.2 | 0.66 ± 0.8 |
DOM-2 | −23 ± 0.08 | −61.3 ± 0.99 | −63.65 ± 1.34 | 1.022 | (−22 ± 1) | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.8 ± 0.97 |
Mean | −23.14 ± 0.007 | −64.58 ± 5.98 | −66.52 ± 5.64 | 1.026 | (−26 ± 7) | 0.27 ± 0.14 | 0.92 ± 0.03 |
ALG-1 | −25.1 ± 0.02 | −66.5 ± 1.41 | −66.79 ± 1.26 | 1.026 | (−26 ± 2) | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.72 ± 0.97 |
ALG-2 | −25.1 ± 0 | −69.2 ± 0.71 | −69.39 ± 0.76 | 1.029 | (−29 ± 1) | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.98 |
ALG-3 | −24.6 ± 0.06 | −64.2 ± 5.03 | −69.8 ± 5.42 | 1.024 | (−24 ± 6) | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.65 ± 0.86 |
ALG-4 | −24.7 ± 0.13 | −65.1 ± 1.03 | −65.56 ± 1.31 | 1.025 | (−25 ± 1) | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.75 ± 0.97 |
Mean | −24.86 ± 0.003 | −66.25 ± 2.84 | −67.89 ± 2.89 | 1.026 | (−26 ± 3) | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.7 ± 0.07 |
Overall mean | −24.54 ± 0.8 | −69.36 ± 6.56 | −71.7 ± 7.48 | 1.027 | (−27 ± 11) | 0.4 ± 0.19 | 0.6 ± 0.19 |
Field | Incubations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(f CO2-meth) | [CH4]prod (µM) | (f CO2-meth) | [CH4]prod (µM) | |
Tidal and forest drivers: | ||||
Tidal freq. (tides d−1) | −0.06 | 0.62 | −0.40 | −0.49 |
Basal area (m2 ha−1) | −0.77 | 0.04 | −0.34 | 0.43 |
Tree density (tree ha−1) | −0.53 | −0.14 | −0.16 | 0.46 |
Soil fraction: | ||||
Bulk density (g/cm3) | 0.31 | −0.14 | −0.45 | −0.37 |
Total organic carbon (%) | 0.17 | −0.10 | 0.27 | −0.14 |
Total nitrogen (%) | 0.22 | −0.17 | −0.22 | 0.00 |
Total phosphorus (%) | 0.07 | -0.64 | −0.80 | 0.23 |
Sand (%) | 0.05 | -0.56 | −0.86 | −0.20 |
Silt (%) | −0.48 | 0.52 | 0.78 | 0.23 |
Clay (%) | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.69 | −0.09 |
Porewater fraction: | ||||
Salinity (mg/L) | −0.67 | −0.29 | −0.08 | −0.07 |
Total solids (mg/L) | 0.11 | −0.48 | −0.60 | −0.48 |
Total organic matter (mg/L) | 0.26 | −0.38 | −0.67 | −0.47 |
Total inorganic matter (mg/L) | −0.33 | 0.22 | 0.48 | −0.07 |
N-NO2− (mg N/L) | 0.26 | −0.39 | −0.90 | 0.07 |
N-NH4+ (mg N/L) | 0.01 | −0.60 | −0.85 | 0.28 |
N-NO3− (mg N/L) | 0.50 | 0.27 | 0.03 | −0.52 |
Tot-N (mg N/L) | −0.13 | −0.68 | −0.64 | 0.27 |
Tot-P (mg P/L) | 0.25 | −0.46 | −0.78 | −0.18 |
SO42− (mM) | −0.73 | −0.13 | 0.08 | 0.62 |
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Sánchez-Carrillo, S.; Garatuza-Payan, J.; Sánchez-Andrés, R.; Cervantes, F.J.; Bartolomé, M.C.; Merino-Ibarra, M.; Thalasso, F. Methane Production and Oxidation in Mangrove Soils Assessed by Stable Isotope Mass Balances. Water 2021, 13, 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131867
Sánchez-Carrillo S, Garatuza-Payan J, Sánchez-Andrés R, Cervantes FJ, Bartolomé MC, Merino-Ibarra M, Thalasso F. Methane Production and Oxidation in Mangrove Soils Assessed by Stable Isotope Mass Balances. Water. 2021; 13(13):1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131867
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Carrillo, Salvador, Jaime Garatuza-Payan, Raquel Sánchez-Andrés, Francisco J. Cervantes, María Carmen Bartolomé, Martín Merino-Ibarra, and Frederic Thalasso. 2021. "Methane Production and Oxidation in Mangrove Soils Assessed by Stable Isotope Mass Balances" Water 13, no. 13: 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131867