Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
- North of delta barrage (S1): this site is located 26.0 km downstream from delta barrage (Elqanater).
- Near Benha (S2): this site is located 58.0 km from delta barrage.
- Near Kafr Shukr (S3): this site is located 70.0 km downstream of delta barrage.
- Between Mit Ghamr and Mansoura (S4): this site is located 111.0 km downstream delta barrage.
- Near Sherbeen (S5): this site is located 169.0 km downstream delta barrage.
- Damietta outlet (S6): this site is located 237.0 km downstream delta barrage
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.2.1. Organic Matter Analysis
2.2.2. Toxic Trace Metals Analysis
2.3. Contamination Indices
2.3.1. Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI)
2.3.2. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.4. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Environmental Assessment and Variations in Toxic Trace Metal Pollution
3.2. Contamination Indices
3.2.1. Pollution Load Index (PLI)
3.2.2. The Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
3.3. Multivariate Analysis and Toxic Trace Metals Sources in the Damietta
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Igeo Value | Class | Quality of Sediment |
---|---|---|
Igeo ≤ 0 | 0 | Unpolluted |
0 < Igeo ≤ 1 | 1 | Unpolluted - moderately polluted |
1 < Igeo ≤ 2 | 2 | Moderately polluted |
2 < Igeo ≤ 3 | 3 | Moderately - highly polluted |
3 < Igeo ≤ 4 | 4 | Highly polluted |
4 < Igeo ≤ 5 | 5 | Highly - very highly polluted |
Igeo > 5 | 6 | Very highly polluted |
mg/g | Fe | Mn | Cd | Co | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | OM(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | |||||||||
Mean | 13.81 | 0.79 | 0.0004 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.46 | 7.77 |
Min | 2.25 | 0.49 | 0.0002 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 1.70 |
Max | 21.67 | 1.36 | 0.0005 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 1.10 | 17.50 |
Winter | |||||||||
Mean | 26.44 | 1.31 | 0.0008 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.58 | 5.60 |
Min | 17.33 | 0.69 | 0.0006 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 2.5 |
Max | 38.14 | 2.27 | 0.0010 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.30 | 2.41 | 9.6 |
Seasonal mean values | 20.12 | 1.05 | 0.0006 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 6.68 |
Average shale | 47.2 | 0.85 | 0.0003 | 0.02 | 0.045 | 0.068 | 0.02 | 0.095 | – |
ERL | – | – | 0.0012 | – | 0.03 | 0.0209 | 0.05 | 0.15 | – |
PEL | – | – | 0.0042 | – | 0.108 | n.a | 0.112 | 0.271 | – |
Igeo | Fe | Mn | Cd | Co | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | PLI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | |||||||||
Mean | −2.67 | −0.79 | −0.30 | −0.73 | −1.03 | −1.48 | 1.75 | 0.73 | 1.09 |
Min | −4.98 | −1.38 | −1.17 | −1.52 | −1.72 | −1.77 | 0.44 | −1.36 | 0.57 |
Max | −1.71 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.08 | −0.19 | −1.09 | 2.62 | 2.95 | 1.42 |
Winter | |||||||||
Mean | −1.48 | −0.11 | 0.83 | 0.18 | −0.17 | −0.95 | 2.57 | 0.97 | 1.87 |
Min | −2.03 | −0.89 | 0.44 | −0.41 | −0.51 | −1.36 | 1.27 | −0.58 | 1.07 |
Max | −0.89 | 0.83 | 1.14 | 0.69 | 0.31 | −0.56 | 3.33 | 4.08 | 2.51 |
Seasonal mean concentrations | −2.08 | −0.45 | 0.27 | −0.27 | −0.60 | −1.21 | 2.16 | 0.85 | 1.48 |
Summer | Winter | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | PCA 1 | PCA 2 | Communalities | PCA 1 | PCA 2 | Communalities |
OM | 0.98 | −0.06 | 0.97 | 0.80 | −0.29 | 0.73 |
Fe | −0.14 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
Mn | 0.97 | −0.21 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 0.98 |
Cd | 0.84 | 0.53 | 0.99 | 0.42 | 0.87 | 0.93 |
Co | 0.98 | −0.04 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.95 |
Cu | 1.00 | −0.05 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.99 |
Ni | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.41 | 0.98 |
Pb | 0.98 | 0.12 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.38 | 0.96 |
Zn | 0.06 | 0.88 | 0.77 | −0.07 | 0.86 | 0.74 |
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Redwan, M.; Elhaddad, E. Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt. Water 2020, 12, 3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123359
Redwan M, Elhaddad E. Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt. Water. 2020; 12(12):3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123359
Chicago/Turabian StyleRedwan, Mostafa, and Engy Elhaddad. 2020. "Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt" Water 12, no. 12: 3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123359