Multiple Effects of Intense Meteorological Events in the Benevento Province, Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
- The western sector is dominated by high-energy calcareous–dolomitic mountain chains (e.g., the Taburno-Camposauro massif). This part of the province is characterized by steep slopes and sparse vegetation;
- The southeastern and central part is predominated by fluvial valleys in which the major rivers flow. This section is filled with terrigenous deposits that mainly consist of Plio-Pleistocene clay, sandstone, and conglomerate successions.
2.2. Hydrological Data and Statistical Analyses
2.3. Effects of the Storms
3. Results
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of the Storms
3.2. Statistical Characteristics of the Storms
3.3. Analysis of Flooding and Hillslope Processes
3.3.1. Flooding
3.3.2. Soil Erosion
3.3.3. Slope Instabilities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories of Maxima | Storm Year | 1 h | 3 h | 6 h | 12 h | 24 h | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extreme | Z ≥ 2 | 2015 | 2.39 | 2.41 | 2.29 | 2.20 | 2.14 |
2003 | 2.02 | ||||||
1949 | 2.11 | 2.41 | 2.59 | 2.48 | |||
Severe | 1.5 ≤ Z < 2 | 1997 | 1.68 | 1.98 | 1.76 | 1.73 | |
1966 | 1.59 | 1.55 | |||||
1949 | 1.73 | ||||||
Moderate | 1 ≤ Z < 1.5 | 2013 | 1.47 | 1.07 | |||
2011 | 1.10 | 1.25 | 1.37 | 1.12 | |||
2010 | 1.38 | 1.23 | 1.05 | ||||
2005 | 1.09 | ||||||
2003 | 1.43 | 1.27 | 1.08 | ||||
2002 | 1.22 | ||||||
1997 | 1.06 | ||||||
1996 | 1.16 | ||||||
1972 | 1.03 | 1.31 | 1.37 | ||||
1969 | 1.16 | 1.12 | |||||
1967 | 1.32 | ||||||
1966 | 1.41 | ||||||
1964 | 1.13 | 1.35 | 1.23 | ||||
1961 | 1.11 | 1.37 | |||||
1960 | 1.17 | ||||||
1952 | 1.06 | ||||||
1937 | 1.35 | 1.32 |
Storm Effects | Number | Area (km2) | Source Height Range (m a.s.l.) | Transport Distance (m) | Source Slope Angle (°) | Deposit Thickness (m) | Erosion Thickness (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | - | 43 | - | - | - | - | - |
SE | - | 930 | - | - | - | - | up to 1.5 |
EF | 264 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DFrun | ≈50 | 1.3 | 350–1000 | 100–7800 | 10–40 | up to 1.0 | up to 2.0 |
DFril | >200 | - | 100–900 | 50–2000 | 5–15 | 0.1–1 | >1 |
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Revellino, P.; Guerriero, L.; Mascellaro, N.; Fiorillo, F.; Grelle, G.; Ruzza, G.; Guadagno, F.M. Multiple Effects of Intense Meteorological Events in the Benevento Province, Southern Italy. Water 2019, 11, 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081560
Revellino P, Guerriero L, Mascellaro N, Fiorillo F, Grelle G, Ruzza G, Guadagno FM. Multiple Effects of Intense Meteorological Events in the Benevento Province, Southern Italy. Water. 2019; 11(8):1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081560
Chicago/Turabian StyleRevellino, Paola, Luigi Guerriero, Neri Mascellaro, Francesco Fiorillo, Gerardo Grelle, Giuseppe Ruzza, and Francesco M. Guadagno. 2019. "Multiple Effects of Intense Meteorological Events in the Benevento Province, Southern Italy" Water 11, no. 8: 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081560