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Atmosphere, Volume 6, Issue 2 (February 2015) – 3 articles , Pages 164-208

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2127 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Black Carbon Aerosol during the Chinese Lunar Year and Weekdays in Xi’an, China
by Qiyuan Wang, Suixin Liu, Yaqing Zhou, Junji Cao, Yongming Han, Haiyan Ni, Ningning Zhang and Rujin Huang
Atmosphere 2015, 6(2), 195-208; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6020195 - 5 Feb 2015
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7186
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol plays an important role in climate forcing. The net radiative effect is strongly dependent on the physical properties of BC particles. A single particle soot photometer and a carbon monoxide analyser were deployed during the Chinese Lunar Year (CLY) [...] Read more.
Black carbon (BC) aerosol plays an important role in climate forcing. The net radiative effect is strongly dependent on the physical properties of BC particles. A single particle soot photometer and a carbon monoxide analyser were deployed during the Chinese Lunar Year (CLY) and on weekdays at Xi’an, China, to investigate the characteristics of refractory black carbon aerosol (rBC). The rBC mass on weekdays (8.4 μg·m−3) exceeds that during the CLY (1.9 μg·m−3), presumably due to the lower anthropogenic emissions during the latter. The mass size distribution of rBC shows a primary mode peak at ~205 nm and a small secondary mode peak at ~102-nm volume-equivalent diameter assuming 2 g·cm−3 in void-free density in both sets of samples. More than half of the rBC cores are thickly coated during the CLY (fBC = 57.5%); the percentage is slightly lower (fBC = 48.3%) on weekdays. Diurnal patterns in rBC mass and mixing state differ for the two sampling periods, which are attributed to the distinct anthropogenic activities. The rBC mass and CO mixing ratios are strongly correlated with slopes of 0.0070 and 0.0016 μg·m−3·ppbv−1 for weekdays and the CLY, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources, Formation and Impacts of Secondary Aerosol)
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2225 KiB  
Article
National Assessment of Climate Resources for Tourism Seasonality in China Using the Tourism Climate Index
by Yan Fang and Jie Yin
Atmosphere 2015, 6(2), 183-194; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6020183 - 26 Jan 2015
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8262
Abstract
Tourism is a very important industry, and it is deeply affected by climate. This article focuses on the role of climate in tourism seasonality and attempts to assess the impacts of climate resources on China’s tourism seasonality by using the Tourism Climate Index [...] Read more.
Tourism is a very important industry, and it is deeply affected by climate. This article focuses on the role of climate in tourism seasonality and attempts to assess the impacts of climate resources on China’s tourism seasonality by using the Tourism Climate Index (TCI). Seasonal distribution maps of TCI scores indicate that the climates of most regions in China are comfortable for tourists during spring and autumn, while the climate conditions differ greatly in summer and winter, with “excellent”, “good”, “acceptable” and “unfavorable” existing almost by a latitudinal gradation. The number of good months throughout China varies from zero (the Tibetan Plateau area) to 10 (Yunnan Province), and most localities have five to eight good months. Moreover, all locations in China can be classified as winter peak, summer peak and bi-modal shoulder peak. The results will provide some useful information for tourist destinations, travel agencies, tourism authorities and tourists. Full article
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826 KiB  
Article
PM2.5 Chemical Compositions and Aerosol Optical Properties in Beijing during the Late Fall
by Huanbo Wang, Xinghua Li, Guangming Shi, Junji Cao, Chengcai Li, Fumo Yang, Yongliang Ma and Kebin He
Atmosphere 2015, 6(2), 164-182; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6020164 - 26 Jan 2015
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6951
Abstract
Daily PM2.5 mass concentrations and chemical compositions together with the aerosol optical properties were measured from 8–28 November 2011 in Beijing. PM2.5 mass concentration varied from 15.6–237.5 μg∙m−3 and showed a mean value of 111.2 ± 73.4 μg∙m−3. [...] Read more.
Daily PM2.5 mass concentrations and chemical compositions together with the aerosol optical properties were measured from 8–28 November 2011 in Beijing. PM2.5 mass concentration varied from 15.6–237.5 μg∙m−3 and showed a mean value of 111.2 ± 73.4 μg∙m−3. Organic matter, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 were the major constituents of PM2.5, accounting for 39.4%, 15.4%, and 14.9% of the total mass, respectively, while fine soil, chloride salt, and elemental carbon together accounted for 27.7%. Daily scattering and absorption coefficients (σsc and σap) were in the range of 31.1–667 Mm−1 and 8.24–158.0 Mm−1, with mean values of 270 ± 200 Mm−1 and 74.3 ± 43.4 Mm−1. Significant increases in σsc and σap were observed during the pollution accumulation episodes. The revised IMPROVE algorithm was applied to estimate the extinction coefficient (bext). On average, organic matter was the largest contributor, accounting for 44.6% of bext, while (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, elemental carbon, and fine soil accounted for 16.3% 18.0%, 18.6%, and 2.34% of bext, respectively. Nevertheless, the contributions of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 were significantly higher during the heavy pollution periods than those on clean days. Typical pollution episodes were also explored, and it has been characterized that secondary formation of inorganic compounds is more important than carbonaceous pollution for visibility impairment in Beijing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources, Formation and Impacts of Secondary Aerosol)
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