Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Wave Climate in the Northeast Atlantic: The North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Barents Sea
3.2. WEF along the Norwegian Coast
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Marine Renewable Energy | |
Significant wave height | |
Swell significant wave height | |
Wind sea significant wave height | |
Peak wave period | |
Swell peak wave period | |
Wind sea peak wave period | |
(Total) Wave Energy Flux | |
Swell Wave Energy Flux | |
Wind Sea Wave Energy Flux | |
Average Swell Wave Energy Flux | |
Average Wind Sea Wave Energy Flux |
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Point | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15.97 | 10.64 | 8.11 | 3.95 | 3.38 | 3.99 | 3.91 | 3.97 | 7.07 | 10.05 | 12.52 | 15.42 | 8.25 |
2 | 37.95 | 29.07 | 23.53 | 13.15 | 8.40 | 8.69 | 8.14 | 8.70 | 15.99 | 23.31 | 30.97 | 36.63 | 20.38 |
3 | 56.83 | 45.26 | 38.58 | 21.13 | 12.16 | 9.37 | 7.94 | 9.65 | 20.89 | 34.57 | 45.16 | 55.10 | 29.72 |
4 | 68.80 | 54.98 | 46.52 | 26.11 | 14.60 | 10.68 | 8.64 | 10.37 | 23.85 | 40.07 | 52.03 | 65.70 | 35.20 |
5 | 89.75 | 79.54 | 63.32 | 33.03 | 16.69 | 12.88 | 10.42 | 12.37 | 31.00 | 48.61 | 62.31 | 86.15 | 45.51 |
6 | 85.95 | 79.07 | 59.67 | 30.16 | 14.65 | 11.55 | 8.97 | 10.92 | 28.67 | 45.75 | 58.73 | 81.40 | 42.96 |
7 | 80.41 | 74.88 | 56.41 | 27.23 | 12.98 | 10.13 | 7.97 | 9.90 | 25.98 | 42.80 | 54.43 | 74.90 | 39.83 |
8 | 68.06 | 66.05 | 50.39 | 24.71 | 13.00 | 10.41 | 7.88 | 9.67 | 22.24 | 39.17 | 46.26 | 62.46 | 35.02 |
9 | 58.22 | 58.58 | 45.27 | 21.99 | 12.10 | 9.79 | 7.26 | 9.09 | 19.78 | 35.36 | 39.83 | 53.84 | 30.92 |
10 | 47.29 | 48.30 | 37.33 | 19.44 | 11.39 | 9.24 | 6.97 | 8.92 | 17.67 | 30.85 | 33.76 | 43.71 | 26.24 |
Point | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.19 | 2.43 | 1.92 | 1.05 | 0.90 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 1.45 | 2.17 | 2.70 | 3.01 | 1.83 |
2 | 10.66 | 9.15 | 7.51 | 4.60 | 2.84 | 2.39 | 2.09 | 2.50 | 4.69 | 6.68 | 9.15 | 10.71 | 6.08 |
3 | 20.02 | 17.75 | 15.65 | 9.75 | 5.55 | 3.89 | 3.39 | 4.12 | 8.58 | 12.96 | 17.35 | 20.75 | 11.65 |
4 | 27.00 | 23.88 | 21.14 | 12.82 | 7.22 | 5.00 | 4.27 | 5.08 | 11.05 | 17.72 | 22.55 | 27.80 | 15.46 |
5 | 43.69 | 39.62 | 33.03 | 19.21 | 10.35 | 7.55 | 6.27 | 7.26 | 15.85 | 24.31 | 31.43 | 41.31 | 23.32 |
6 | 45.14 | 41.03 | 33.75 | 18.57 | 9.48 | 7.31 | 5.85 | 6.86 | 15.83 | 24.43 | 31.03 | 42.41 | 23.47 |
7 | 43.32 | 40.45 | 31.79 | 16.99 | 8.63 | 6.60 | 5.17 | 6.37 | 15.09 | 22.57 | 28.87 | 40.05 | 22.16 |
8 | 37.66 | 35.18 | 27.92 | 15.20 | 8.02 | 6.17 | 4.91 | 6.02 | 13.72 | 21.39 | 26.31 | 35.02 | 19.79 |
9 | 29.80 | 28.51 | 22.45 | 12.31 | 6.63 | 5.27 | 4.26 | 5.30 | 11.49 | 17.76 | 21.18 | 27.83 | 16.07 |
10 | 21.47 | 20.69 | 16.52 | 9.62 | 5.42 | 4.63 | 3.58 | 4.60 | 9.28 | 14.48 | 16.13 | 20.31 | 12.23 |
Point | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12.67 | 8.11 | 6.14 | 2.88 | 2.45 | 2.92 | 2.86 | 2.84 | 5.59 | 7.82 | 9.74 | 12.32 | 6.36 |
2 | 27.36 | 19.90 | 15.99 | 8.47 | 5.50 | 6.26 | 6.03 | 6.18 | 11.28 | 16.59 | 21.76 | 25.94 | 14.27 |
3 | 36.93 | 27.48 | 22.79 | 10.99 | 6.39 | 5.38 | 4.45 | 5.41 | 12.13 | 21.41 | 27.49 | 34.25 | 17.93 |
4 | 41.70 | 30.93 | 25.16 | 12.83 | 7.16 | 5.54 | 4.26 | 5.12 | 12.59 | 22.01 | 29.09 | 37.47 | 19.49 |
5 | 43.27 | 37.30 | 28.21 | 12.70 | 5.80 | 4.93 | 3.78 | 4.71 | 14.28 | 22.92 | 28.89 | 42.23 | 20.75 |
6 | 37.38 | 34.76 | 23.54 | 10.36 | 4.63 | 3.84 | 2.80 | 3.68 | 11.91 | 19.66 | 25.40 | 35.73 | 17.81 |
7 | 33.43 | 30.90 | 21.87 | 8.97 | 3.79 | 3.08 | 2.47 | 3.13 | 9.80 | 18.39 | 22.95 | 31.51 | 15.86 |
8 | 27.49 | 28.33 | 20.25 | 8.60 | 4.55 | 3.88 | 2.69 | 3.28 | 7.64 | 16.36 | 17.83 | 24.89 | 13.82 |
9 | 26.23 | 27.81 | 20.99 | 8.90 | 5.13 | 4.24 | 2.77 | 3.48 | 7.56 | 16.47 | 16.93 | 23.93 | 13.70 |
10 | 24.23 | 25.87 | 19.48 | 9.29 | 5.74 | 4.37 | 3.24 | 4.09 | 7.79 | 15.41 | 16.25 | 21.78 | 13.13 |
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Christakos, K.; Varlas, G.; Cheliotis, I.; Spyrou, C.; Aarnes, O.J.; Furevik, B.R. Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020166
Christakos K, Varlas G, Cheliotis I, Spyrou C, Aarnes OJ, Furevik BR. Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(2):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020166
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristakos, Konstantinos, George Varlas, Ioannis Cheliotis, Christos Spyrou, Ole Johan Aarnes, and Birgitte Rugaard Furevik. 2020. "Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast" Atmosphere 11, no. 2: 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020166