Trade in Zambian Edible Orchids—DNA Barcoding Reveals the Use of Unexpected Orchid Taxa for Chikanda
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Interviews and Sample Collection
2.2. Reference Taxon Sampling
2.3. From Sample to Sequence
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis and Species Identification
3. Results
3.1. Market Surveys and Interviews
3.2. Local Classification System
3.3. Chikanda Trade and Availability
3.4. Molecular Identification of Traded Orchids
4. Discussion
4.1. Species Used for Chikanda
4.2. DNA Barcoding Performance
4.3. Local Versus Scientific Classification of Chikanda
4.4. Orchid Availability and Conservation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vernacular Name | Collections | Reported Origin | Barcoding IDs | # Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fungulwe | SJK16 | unknown | Disa robusta | 1 |
Iringe | SJK17 | Tanzania | Satyrium buchananii | 1 |
Satyrium carsonii | 1 | |||
John White | SJK39 | Mporokoso, Zambia | Satyrium buchananii | 1 |
Kabula seke | SJK46 | Serenje, Zambia | Habenaria sp. (Clade H. schimperiana, H. kyimbilae, H. microsaccos | 1 |
Platycoryne crocea | 7 | |||
Kapapa | SJK44 | Mporokoso, Zambia | Platycoryne crocea | 6 |
Kasebelela, John White and Myala | SJK41 | Chinsali and Mporokoso, Zambia and Tanzania | Habenaria cf sp. DO122 (Clade H. schimperiana, H. kyimbilae, H. microsaccos | 4 |
Platycoryne crocea | 4 | |||
Platycoryne sp./Habenaria sp. | 2 | |||
Kasebulela and Kapapa | SJK11 | Luwingu, Zambia | Satyrium kitimboense | 6 |
Satyrium carsonii | 5 | |||
Mbwelenge | SJK5 | Luwingu, Zambia | Satyrium buchananii | 11 |
Satyrium sp. | 1 | |||
SJK32 | Serenje, Zambia | Satyrium buchananii | 6 | |
Mshilamshila | SJK7 | Luwingu, Zambia | Brachycorythis sp. | 1 |
SJK12 | Kawamba, Zambia | Brachycorythis sp. | 1 | |
Brachycorythis cf. friesii | 1 | |||
Myala | SJK4 | Mwinilunga, Zambia; | Disa robusta | 4 |
Disa welwitschii | 1 | |||
Satyrium buchananii | 4 | |||
SJK18 | Sumbawanga, Tanzania | Disa robusta | 4 | |
Satyrium buchananii | 1 | |||
Myala | SJK37 | Kawambwa, Zambia | Satyrium buchananii | 1 |
Myala and nampanda | SJK21 | Luapula, Zambia | Disa welwitschii | 2 |
Satyrium buchananii | 1 | |||
Ntonkonshi | SJK25 | Democratic Republic of Congo | Disa robusta | 1 |
Sumbawanga | SJK20 | Sumbawanga, Tanzania | Disa satyriopsis | 1 |
Mixed | SJK31 | Serenje, Zambia | Disa caffra | 1 |
Disa robusta | 1 | |||
Habenaria cf sp. DO122 (Clade H. schimperiana, H. kyimbilae, H. microsaccos | 1 | |||
Satyrium buchananii | 6 | |||
Unknown-mixed | SJK19 | Luwingu, Zambia | Satyrium carsonii | 1 |
Habenaria aff. helicoplectrum (BB3151) | 1 | |||
Unknown | SJK8 | Mwinilunga, Zambia | Disa miniata | 1 |
Disa robusta | 2 | |||
Disa welwitschii | 1 | |||
Satyrium buchananii | 2 | |||
SJK9 | Luwingu, Zambia | Satyrium carsonii | 1 | |
SJK13 | Kawamba, Zambia | Disa celata | 1 | |
Disa welwitschii | 1 | |||
Satyrium buchananii | 3 |
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Veldman, S.; Kim, S.-J.; Van Andel, T.R.; Bello Font, M.; Bone, R.E.; Bytebier, B.; Chuba, D.; Gravendeel, B.; Martos, F.; Mpatwa, G.; et al. Trade in Zambian Edible Orchids—DNA Barcoding Reveals the Use of Unexpected Orchid Taxa for Chikanda. Genes 2018, 9, 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120595
Veldman S, Kim S-J, Van Andel TR, Bello Font M, Bone RE, Bytebier B, Chuba D, Gravendeel B, Martos F, Mpatwa G, et al. Trade in Zambian Edible Orchids—DNA Barcoding Reveals the Use of Unexpected Orchid Taxa for Chikanda. Genes. 2018; 9(12):595. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120595
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeldman, Sarina, Seol-Jong Kim, Tinde R. Van Andel, Maria Bello Font, Ruth E. Bone, Benny Bytebier, David Chuba, Barbara Gravendeel, Florent Martos, Geophat Mpatwa, and et al. 2018. "Trade in Zambian Edible Orchids—DNA Barcoding Reveals the Use of Unexpected Orchid Taxa for Chikanda" Genes 9, no. 12: 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120595