High Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis in a Biparental Spring Triticale Population Localized Major and Minor Effect Fusarium Head Blight Resistance and Associated Traits QTL
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. FHB Inoculations and Phenotyping
2.3. Phenotyping of Other Traits
2.4. Phenotypic Data Evaluation
2.5. DNA Isolation and Genotyping
2.6. Construction of SNP Linkage Maps
2.7. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping
3. Results
3.1. FHB Development and DON Accumulation
3.2. Ergot Incidence, Test Weight, Grain Yield, Grain Protein Content, Plant Height and Lodging
3.3. SNP Genetic Map
3.4. QTL Analysis
3.4.1. QTL for FHB Resistance and Low DON Content
3.4.2. QTL for Ergot Incidence
3.4.3. QTL for Grain Protein Content
3.4.4. QTL for Test Weight
3.4.5. QTL for Grain Yield
3.4.6. QTL for Plant Height and Lodging
3.4.7. Co-Localized or Pleiotropic QTL
4. Discussion
4.1. Phenotypic Data
4.2. High Density Linkage Maps
4.3. Genetic Architecture of FHB Resistance in Triticale
4.4. Genetic Architecture of Other Studied Traits and Their Possible Relation with FHB Resistance
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | d.f. | DI | DS | VRI | DON |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment (E) | 1 | 306,278.0 ** | 55,591.0 ** | 136,890.0 ** | 7495.1 ** |
Block (within E) | 2 | 680.0 ** | 119.0 | 177.0 | 278.2 * |
Treatment (T) | 104 | 439.0 ** | 496.0 ** | 474.0 ** | 148.7 ** |
(E × T) | 100 | 212.0 ** | 205.0 | 201.0 | 70.9 ** |
Error | 432 | 99.0 | 187.0 | 189.0 | 42.0 |
CV, % | 13.5 | 36.7 | 44.7 | 29.5 |
Source | d.f. | ERG | PHT | LDG | GPC | TWT | YLD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Block (B) | 1 | 290.9 | 103.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 2,624,730.0 |
Genotype (G) | 100 | 1963.8 ** | 88.9 * | 0.8 * | 1.1 | 7.2 * | 2,066,536.0 |
B × G | 100 | 370.1 | 26.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 680,597.0 |
Error | 6 | 144.2 | 27.7 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1,327,087.0 |
CV, % | 36.0 | 5.1 | 14.8 | 7.7 | 1.5 | 18.7 |
Genome and Chromosome | No. of SNPs (from R genome) | No. of Unique Loci (from R Genome) | Map Length (cM) | Marker Density | Map Density | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNPs/cM | Unique Loci/cM | cM/SNP | cM/Unique Locus | ||||
A 1 | 238 (0) | 14 (0) | 63.09 | 3.77 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 4.51 |
2 | 362 (4) | 46 (4) | 172.09 | 2.10 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 3.74 |
3 | 152 (1) | 34 (1) | 195.65 | 0.78 | 0.17 | 1.29 | 5.75 |
4 | 195 (2) | 31 (2) | 149.44 | 1.30 | 0.21 | 0.77 | 4.82 |
5 | 272 (0) | 42 (0) | 136.00 | 2.00 | 0.31 | 0.50 | 3.24 |
6 | 10 (0) | 5 (0) | 17.76 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 1.78 | 3.55 |
7 | 792 (2) | 52 (2) | 206.14 | 3.84 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 3.96 |
Total | 2021 (9) | 224 (9) | 940.17 | 2.15 | 0.24 | 0.47 | 4.20 |
% | 38.30 (0.17) | 37.77 (1.52) | |||||
B 1 | 955 (4) | 36 (4) | 75.40 | 12.67 | 0.48 | 0.08 | 2.09 |
2 | 274 (1) | 27 (1) | 141.59 | 1.94 | 0.19 | 0.52 | 5.24 |
3 | 225 (0) | 28 (0) | 135.99 | 1.65 | 0.20 | 0.60 | 4.86 |
4 | 94 (1) | 20 (1) | 77.58 | 1.21 | 0.26 | 0.83 | 3.88 |
5 | 479 (3) | 31 (2) | 137.16 | 3.49 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 4.42 |
6 | 97 (0) | 22 (0) | 143.39 | 0.68 | 0.15 | 1.48 | 6.52 |
7 | 125 (0) | 16 (0) | 49.36 | 2.53 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 3.09 |
Total | 2249 (9) | 180 (8) | 760.48 | 2.96 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 4.22 |
% | 42.60 (0.17) | 30.35 (1.35) | |||||
R 1 | 33 (13) | 11 (6) | 83.62 | 0.39 | 0.13 | 2.53 | 7.60 |
2 | 21 (0) | 2 (0) | 7.59 | 2.77 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 3.80 |
3 | 45 (13) | 11 (5) | 109.46 | 0.41 | 0.10 | 2.43 | 9.95 |
4 | 405 (290) | 69 (42) | 197.97 | 2.05 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 2.87 |
5 | 215 (147) | 46 (37) | 219.79 | 0.98 | 0.21 | 1.02 | 4.78 |
6 | 260 (79) | 46 (31) | 192.04 | 1.35 | 0.24 | 0.74 | 4.17 |
7 | 25 (25) | 4 (4) | 10.99 | 2.27 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 2.75 |
Total | 1004 (567) | 189 (125) | 821.47 | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.82 | 4.35 |
% | 19.04 (10.80) | 31.87 (20.08) | |||||
A+B+R 1 | 1226 (17) | 61 (10) | 222.10 | 5.52 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 3.64 |
2 | 657 (5) | 75 (5) | 321.26 | 2.05 | 0.23 | 0.49 | 4.28 |
3 | 422 (14) | 73 (6) | 441.11 | 0.96 | 0.16 | 1.05 | 6.04 |
4 | 694 (293) | 120 (45) | 425.00 | 1.63 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 3.54 |
5 | 966 (150) | 119 (39) | 492.96 | 1.96 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 4.14 |
6 | 367 (79) | 73 (31) | 353.20 | 1.04 | 0.21 | 0.96 | 4.84 |
7 | 942 (27) | 72 (6) | 266.50 | 3.53 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 3.70 |
Total | 5274 (585) | 593 (142) | 2522.13 | 2.09 | 0.23 | 0.48 | 4.25 |
% | 100.00 (11.10) | 100.00 (23.95) |
Trait | QTL Name | Chr. | Flanking Markers | Interval | Position | LOD | %R2 | Add. Effect | A*E | D | Location | Other Associated Traits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DI | QFhi.lrdc-2B | 2B | D_GDEEGVY01A58YG_63-RAC875_C6538_136 | 120.7–141.5 | 139.6 | 2.8 | 11.4 | 4.1 | 1.9 | U | B, O | DS,VRI,GPC |
(Type-I | QFhi.lrdc-4A | 4A | TDURUM_CONTIG41185_259-TDURUM_CONTIG12696_528 | 14.4–38.8 | 33.6 | 3.1 | 14.1 | −3.4 | −1.5 | T | B, O | - |
Resistance) | QFhi.lrdc-5R | 5R | TDURUM_CONTIG50875_569-GENE-3619_813 | 52.4–81.2 | 62.4 | 5.2 | 23.0 | −5.8 | −3.6 | T | B, O | DS, VRI, TWT |
DS | QFhs.lrdc-1B | 1B | EXCALIBUR_C415_844-TDURUM_CONTIG100292_228 | 27.8–34.8 | 31.1 | 2.5 | 9.3 | −2.7 | −1.3 | T | B, O | - |
(Type-II | QFhs.lrdc-2B | 2B | WSNP_EX_C1962_3696265-BOBWHITE_C2988_2161 | 117.2–128.8 | 123.4 | 2.7 | 11.4 | 3.5 | 1.3 | U | B, O | DI, VRI, GPC |
Resistance) | QFhs.lrdc-5R.1 | 5R | TDURUM_CONTIG50875_569-GENE-3619_813 | 47.7–87.9 | 77.0 | 3.7 | 20.6 | −4.5 | - | T | B, O | DI, VRI, TWT |
QFhs.lrdc-5R.2 | 5R | EXCALIBUR_C31769_793-BOBWHITE_C20682_107 | 113.5–116.8 | 114.7 | 3.2 | 15.1 | −3.9 | −1.6 | T | B, O | VRI, DON, PHT | |
QFhs.lrdc-6B | 6B | TDURUM_CONTIG29162_378-CAP12_C2970_177 | 31.6–69.3 | 33.8 | 2.5 | 10.5 | −3.2 | −1.1 | T | B, O | ERG, PHT | |
VRI | QFhb.lrdc-1A.1 | 1A | EXCALIBUR_REP_C113950_132-WSNP_KU_C3804_6986527 | 6.9–32.7 | 16.2 | 3.3 | 22.0 | −0.5 | - | T | B, O | DON, TWT |
QFhb.lrdc-2B | 2B | D_GDEEGVY01A58YG_63-RAC875_C6538_136 | 117.7–141.5 | 127.8 | 7.7 | 32.0 | 3.8 | - | U | O | DI, DS, GPC | |
QFhb.lrdc-3A.1 | 3A | TDURUM_CONTIG25619_350-CAP12_C1860_280 | 0.0–7.3 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 2.2 | - | U | B | - | |
QFhb.lrdc-4R ❀ | 4R | IACX481-BOBWHITE_C25209_235 | 145.5–147.7 | 145.5 | 3.5 | 16.0 | −3.7 | −2.6 | T | B | DON, LDG, TWT | |
QFhb.lrdc-5A | 5A | RAC875_C7132_134-EXCALIBUR_C92705_94 | 95.5–96.8 | 96.0 | 6.8 | 29.0 | 12.0 | - | U | B | TWT | |
QFhb.lrdc-5R.1 | 5R | TDURUM_CONTIG50875_569-GENE-3619_813 | 58.4–86.2 | 77.2 | 3.4 | 17.5 | −3.5 | 1.7 | T | B, O | DI, DS, TWT | |
QFhb.lrdc-5R.2 | 5R | ISOTIG29606-C23413_289 | 98.1–107.5 | 103.9 | 5.9 | 26.0 | −2.9 | - | T | B | DS, DON, PHT | |
DON | QDon.lrdc-1A | 1A | EXCALIBUR_REP_C113950_132-WSNP_KU_C3804_6986527 | 6.9–32.7 | 16.2 | 8.3 | 34.1 | −3.0 | - | T | O | VRI, TWT |
(Type-III | QDon.lrdc-3A | 3A | WSNP_CAP11_REP_C4157_1965583-WSNP_EX_C8409_14170476 | 32.8–39.3 | 34.1 | 5.9 | 26.0 | 2.4 | - | U | O | - |
Resistance) | QDon.lrdc-4R.1 | 4R | ISOTIG22327-KU_C39706_716 | 94.8–121.4 | 114.2 | 3.3 | 15.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | U | B, O | LDG |
QDon.lrdc-4R.2 ❀ | 4R | IACX481-BOBWHITE_C25209_235 | 145.5–147.7 | 146.0 | 3.1 | 4.1 | −1.2 | - | T | B | VRI, LDG, TWT | |
QDon.lrdc-4R.3 | 4R | ISOTIG23307-ISOTIG20098 | 147.9–176.2 | 152.3 | 3.0 | 2.9 | −1.2 | - | T | B | VRI, LDG, TWT | |
QDon.lrdc-5A | 5A | TDURUM_CONTIG15970_217-EXCALIBUR_C32414_705 | 115.9–126.5 | 119.3 | 6.9 | 30.0 | 2.7 | - | U | B | PHT | |
QDon.lrdc-5R | 5R | TPLB0059H22_1233-CONTIG2043 | 115.1–134.5 | 119.6 | 3.3 | 5.6 | −1.4 | - | T | O | DS, VRI, PHT |
Trait | QTL Name | Chr. | Flanking Markers | Interval | Position | Add Effect | p Value | AA*E | p Value | D | Location | Other Associated Trait |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DS (Type-II | QFhs.lrdc-2A | 2A | BOBWHITE_C24021_254-BS00022456_51 | 120.1–124.3 | 122.3 | 0.9 | 0.000630 | 1.8 | 0.000054 | U | B, O | PHT |
Resistance) | QFhs.lrdc-3B | 3B | RAC875_C7158_687-BS00074688_51 | 99.4–106.6 | 103.9 | - | ||||||
VRI | QFhb.lrdc-1A.2 | 1A | WSNP_BF474340A_TA_2_1-EXCALIBUR_REP_C77271_230 | 38.8–49.5 | 44.2 | 1.8 | 0.000013 | −1.4 | 0.026233 | U | B, O | - |
QFhb.lrdc-3A.2 | 3A | RAC875_REP_C106170_204-WSNP_EX_C55096_57733894 | 175.9–194.3 | 184.5 | - |
Trait | QTL Name | Chr. | Flanking Markers | Interval | Position | LOD | %R2 | Add Effect | A*E | D | Other Associated Traits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ergot | QErg.lrdc-4A | 4A | ISOTIG23128-TDURUM_CONTIG41185_259 | 10.8–24.3 | 20.3 | 2.5 | 11.0 | 8.9 | 6.2 | U | YLD |
QErg.lrdc-5R | 5R | ISOTIG30930-ISOTIG29158 | 138.7–147.4 | 143.1 | 2.6 | 12.0 | −6.4 | −3.9 | T | GPC | |
QErg.lrdc-7A | 7A | EXCALIBUR_C30713_591-WSNP_EX_C5177_9174930 | 132.5–142.5 | 136.3 | 8.1 | 34.0 | 34.0 | 5.6 | U | - | |
GPC | QGpc.lrdc-2A | 2A | BS00022241_51-BS00081194_51 | 89.7–91.9 | 90.8 | 9.8 | 39.0 | −0.3 | - | U | - |
QGpc.lrdc-2B | 2B | BOBWHITE_C2988_2161-BS00022572_51 | 106.5–138.6 | 127.8 | 2.5 | 6.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | T | DI, DS, VRI | |
QGpc.lrdc-4R ❀ | 4R | C11841_198-C1659_1301 | 35.0–43.9 | 39.8 | 8.9 | 36.0 | −0.7 | −0.3 | U | YLD | |
QGpc.lrdc-5R | 5R | ISOTIG30930-ISOTIG29158 | 132.9–145.0 | 141.1 | 9.0 | 37.0 | −0.1 | −0.2 | U | ERG | |
QGpc.lrdc-6R | 6R | TDURUM_CONTIG41906_1479-WSNP_EX_C7002_12063380 | 17.6–20.0 | 19.9 | 3.0 | 17.8 | −0.5 | - | U | PHT, LDG, YLD | |
QGpc.lrdc-7B | 7B | EXCALIBUR_C3489_182-BOBWHITE_C20735_255 | 0.0–5.1 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 26.0 | −0.2 | −0.2 | U | - | |
TWT | QTwt.lrdc.1R | 1R | RAC875_REP_C116934_270-ISOTIG11711 | 69.4–78.6 | 69.5 | 3.1 | 15.0 | 0.5 | - | T | - |
QTwt.lrdc.4R ❀ | 4R | BOBWHITE_C25209_235-ISOTIG19779 | 147.7–156.6 | 152.1 | 4.5 | 21.0 | 0.6 | - | T | VRI, DON, LDG | |
QTwt.lrdc-5A.1 | 5A | EXCALIBUR_C34451_370-KUKRI_C9358_269 | 2.0–7.4 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 21.5 | −0.6 | −0.9 | U | - | |
QTwt.lrdc-5A.2 | 5A | RAC875_C60453_122-WSNP_EX_C31154_39982416 | 100.2–109.2 | 101.4 | 5.3 | 23.0 | 0.7 | - | T | VRI | |
QTwt.lrdc-5R | 5R | TDURUM_CONTIG50875_569-GENE-3619_813 | 23.4–77.1 | 50.1 | 2.5 | 12.0 | 0.6 | - | T | DI, DS, VRI | |
YLD | QYld.lrdc-4A | 4A | ISOTIG23128-TDURUM_CONTIG41185_259 | 16.4–22.3 | 20.3 | 2.9 | 14.1 | −342.0 | −128.1 | U | ERG |
QYld.lrdc-4R.2 ❀ | 4R | C1659_1301-GENE-1569_376 | 39.8–45.4 | 41.9 | 3.1 | 15.0 | −97.6 | −203.3 | U | GPC | |
QYld.lrdc-6A | 6A | BS00110902_51-KUKRI_C20401_505 | 7.2–17.3 | 11.8 | 2.7 | 13.0 | −358.4 | - | U | - | |
QYld.lrdc-6R | 6R | TDURUM_CONTIG41906_1479-WSNP_EX_C7002_12063380 | 16.2–19.9 | 17.6 | 2.5 | 12.0 | −371.0 | −251.1 | U | GPC, PHT, LDG | |
PHT | QPht.lrdc-5A | 5A | CAP8_C317_307-GENE-2725_244 | 109.3–112.7 | 112.4 | 2.7 | 13.0 | −1.9 | 2.2 | T | DON |
QPht.lrdc-5R | 5R | TPLB0059H22_1233-CONTIG2043 | 108.7–117.9 | 116.9 | 2.7 | 13.0 | −2.4 | −2.3 | T | DS, VRI, DON | |
QPht.lrdc-6R | 6R | KUKRI_C9940_659-TDURUM_CONTIG41906_1479 | 2.1–27.1 | 16.3 | 9.4 | 38.0 | −3.2 | - | T | GPC, LDG, YLD | |
QPht.lrdc-7R | 7R | ISOTIG32436-ISOTIG07139 | 0.0–8.7 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 11.0 | −1.0 | −1.7 | T | LDG | |
LDG | QLdg.lrdc-2R | 2R | EXCALIBUR_C46590_290-BS00061187_51 | 1.0–7.0 | 7.0 | 2.5 | 11.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 | T | - |
QLdg.lrdc-4R.1 | 4R | ISOTIG25347-ISOTIG22327 | 89.8–101.2 | 97.2 | 6.0 | 26.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | U | DON | |
QLdg.lrdc-4R.2 | 4R | ISOTIG17427-ISOTIG19779 | 153.3–161.7 | 156.4 | 5.9 | 26.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | U | VRI, DON, TWT | |
QLdg.lrdc-6R ❀ | 6R | TDURUM_CONTIG8849_343-ISOTIG24496 | 8.2–9.9 | 9.8 | 2.9 | 14.1 | −0.14 | −0.1 | T | GPC, PHT, YLD | |
QLdg.lrdc-7B | 7B | WSNP_KU_C10355_17149304-IBV7925 | 38.5–48.5 | 44.5 | 2.5 | 6.0 | −0.1 | −0.1 | T | - | |
QLdg.lrdc-7R | 7R | C10245_171-C6434_652 | 0.0–10.8 | 8.8 | 3.0 | 14.1 | −0.2 | - | T | PHT |
Trait | QTL Name | Chr. | Flanking Markers | Interval | Position | Add Effect | p Value | AA*E | p Value | D | Other Associated Traits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ERG | QErg.lrdc-6B | 6B | CAP12_C2970_177-CAP7_C3697_87 | 57.3–86.1 | 74.3 | 3.3 | 0.002321 | 6.0 | 0.000859 | U | DS, PHT |
QErg.lrdc-6R | 6R | ISOTIG07765-ISOTIG30810 | 128.6–132.2 | 131.2 | - | ||||||
TWT | QTwt.lrdc-1A | 1A | RAC875_C89908_105-WSNP_KU_C3804_6986527 | 11.6–22.3 | 16.3 | 0.6 | 0.015108 | 0.9 | 0.029488 | T | DON, VRI |
QTwt.lrdc-4B | 4B | EXCALIBUR_REP_C102761_90-BS00023179_51 | 38.2–43.9 | 41.7 | - | ||||||
YLD | QYld.lrdc.1A | 1A | WSNP_EX_C18499_27344859-BS00070695_51 | 48.5–63.0 | 60.2 | 62.2 | 0.043176 | 102.1 | 0.026707 | T | - |
QYld.lrdc.2A | 2A | ISOTIG09181-EXCALIBUR_REP_C102984_157 | 165.1–171.8 | 170.8 | - | ||||||
QYld.lrdc.3R | 3R | IACX7129-C3152_1508 | 68.6–102.2 | 92.4 | −108.9 | 0.000227 | −219.0 | 0.000010 | U | - | |
QYld.lrdc.4R.1 ❀ | 4R | TDURUM_CONTIG42642_656-ISOTIG33290 | 49.0–59.9 | 55.9 | - | ||||||
QYld.lrdc-4R.3 | 4R | ISOTIG29781-ISOTIG09995 | 127.6–134.0 | 129.9 | 85.1 | 0.005414 | 159.4 | 0.001273 | T | - | |
QYld.lrdc-6B | 6B | RFL_CONTIG2206_1694-IACX2322 | 89.5–102.4 | 100.4 | - | ||||||
PHT | QPht.lrdc-2A | 2A | EXCALIBUR_REP_C111191_119-EXCALIBUR_C24354_465 | 110.4–137.0 | 131.2 | 1.5 | 0.001168 | 3.0 | 0.000160 | U | DS |
QPht.lrdc-6B | 6B | CAP12_C2970_177-CAP7_C3697_87 | 33.8–71.3 | 53.3 | ERG, DS | ||||||
QPht.lrdc-2B | 2B | EXCALIBUR_REP_C114249_187-EXCALIBUR_C37751_354 | 0.0–18.4 | 14.6 | 2.2 | 0.001360 | 4.1 | 0.000319 | U | - | |
QPht.lrdc-7A | 7A | CAP11_C3214_133-KU_C32860_825 | 37.4–72.4 | 53.4 | - | ||||||
QPht.lrdc-5A | 5A | CAP8_C317_307-GENE-2725_244 | 109.3–112.7 | 112.4 | 0.9 | 0.013789 | 1.4 | 0.012962 | T | DON | |
QPht.lrdc-7R | 7R | ISOTIG32436-ISOTIG07139 | 0.0–8.7 | 1.0 | LDG |
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Dhariwal, R.; Fedak, G.; Dion, Y.; Pozniak, C.; Laroche, A.; Eudes, F.; Randhawa, H.S. High Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis in a Biparental Spring Triticale Population Localized Major and Minor Effect Fusarium Head Blight Resistance and Associated Traits QTL. Genes 2018, 9, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9010019
Dhariwal R, Fedak G, Dion Y, Pozniak C, Laroche A, Eudes F, Randhawa HS. High Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis in a Biparental Spring Triticale Population Localized Major and Minor Effect Fusarium Head Blight Resistance and Associated Traits QTL. Genes. 2018; 9(1):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9010019
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhariwal, Raman, George Fedak, Yves Dion, Curtis Pozniak, André Laroche, François Eudes, and Harpinder Singh Randhawa. 2018. "High Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis in a Biparental Spring Triticale Population Localized Major and Minor Effect Fusarium Head Blight Resistance and Associated Traits QTL" Genes 9, no. 1: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9010019
APA StyleDhariwal, R., Fedak, G., Dion, Y., Pozniak, C., Laroche, A., Eudes, F., & Randhawa, H. S. (2018). High Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis in a Biparental Spring Triticale Population Localized Major and Minor Effect Fusarium Head Blight Resistance and Associated Traits QTL. Genes, 9(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9010019