Free-Water Imaging in White and Gray Matter in Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Acquisition of MRI Data
2.3. Diffusion MRI Preprocessing
2.4. Voxel-Wise Analysis
2.4.1. TBSS
2.4.2. GBSS
2.5. Region-of-Interest Analysis
2.6. Voxel-Based Morphometry
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. WM Alterations
3.1.1. TBSS
3.1.2. ROI
3.2. GM Alterations
3.2.1. GBSS
3.2.2. ROI
3.3. WM and GM Volumetry
3.4. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HC | All PD | Right-Sided Onset PD | Left-Sided Onset PD | P Value (HC vs. All PD | P Value (R vs. L Onset PD) | P Value (HC vs. R Onset PD) | P Value (HC vs. L Onset PD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 20 | 20 | 12 | 8 | — | — | — | — |
Sex, N (male/female) ° | 12/8 | 11/9 | 5/7 | 6/2 | 0.75 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.45 |
Age (mean years ± SD) * | 67.15 ± 1.18 | 65.05 ± 10.9 | 63.50 ± 11.13 | 67.38 ± 8.43 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.91 |
Disease duration (mean years ± SD) | — | 6.95 ± 3.93 | 7.5 ± 3.63 | 6.13 ± 4.45 | — | 0.46 | — | — |
MDS-UPDRS part I (mean ± SD) * | — | 5.45 ± 2.93 | 5.25 ± 2.45 | 5.75 ± 3.69 | — | 0.72 | — | — |
MDS-UPDRS part I subscores (mean ± SD) * | ||||||||
Cognitive (I.1) | — | 0.15 ± 0.37 | 0.17 ± 0.39 | 0.13 ± 0.35 | — | 0.81 | — | — |
Neuropsychiatric (I.2–I.6) | — | 1.20 ± 1.32 | 1.00 ± 1.04 | 1.50 ± 1.69 | — | 0.42 | — | — |
Sleep disorder (I.7, I.8) | — | 1.45 ± 1.28 | 1.25 ± 1.22 | 1.75 ± 1.39 | — | 0.41 | — | — |
Sensory and others (I.9, I.13) | — | 0.90 ± 1.02 | 1.83 ± 1.11 | 1.63 ± 0.74 | — | 0.61 | — | — |
Autonomic (I.10–I.12) | — | 1.75 ± 0.97 | 1.83 ± 1.11 | 1.63 ± 0.74 | — | 0.65 | — | — |
MDS-UPDRS part III (mean ± SD) * | — | 11.05 ± 5.22 | 11.25 ± 4.86 | 10.75 ± 6.04 | — | 0.84 | — | — |
Hoehn and Yahr staging (mean ± SD) * | — | 1.85 ± 0.37 | 1.75 0.45 | 2 ± 0 | 0.14 | — | — | |
1, N (%) | — | 3 (15%) | 3 (25%) | 0 (0%) | — | — | — | — |
2, N (%) | — | 17 (85%) | 9 (75%) | 8 (100%) | — | — | — | — |
LED (mean ± SD) * | — | 862.25 ± 596.50 | 898.75 ± 607.84 | 807.50 ± 616.02 | — | 0.75 | — | — |
Mean SBR (mean ± SD) | — | 3.28 ± 1.27 | — | — | — | — | — |
Modality | Contrast | Cluster Size | Anatomical Region | Peak t-Value | Peak MNI Coordinates (X, Y, Z) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single-tensor DTI | |||||
FA | HC > PD | 46483 | Bilateral ATR, CST, CgH, IFOF, ILF, SLF, UF, temporal part of the SLF, retrolenticular part of the IC, ACR, SCR, PCR, PTR, sagittal stratum, external capsule, tapatum; Lt-CCG; Rt-PLIC; fornix, forceps major and minor, genu, body and splenium of CC | 6.81 | 133, 124, 44 |
MD | HC < PD | 39448 | Bilateral ATR, CST, IFOF, ILF, SLF, UF, temporal part of the SLF, ALIC, PLIC, retrolenticular part of the IC, ACR, SCR, PCR, PTR, sagittal stratum, external capsule, SFOF, tapatum; genu, body and splenium of CC, fornix and forceps major and minor | 5.9 | 113, 160, 76 |
AD | HC < PD | 8520 | Bilateral ATR, CST, IFOF, UF, ALIC, ACR, SCR, external capsule, SFOF; Lt-PLIC; Rt-SLF, PCR, retrolenticular part of the IC, fornix; genu and body of CC, forceps minor | 5.49 | 113, 160, 76 |
RD | HC < PD | 54131 | Bilateral ATR, CST, CgH, IFOF, ILF, SLF, UF, temporal part of the SLF, medial lemniscus, ICP, SCP, ALIC, PLIC, retrolenticular part of the IC, ACR, SCR, PCR, PTR, sagittal stratum, external capsule, SFOF, tapatum; Lt-CCG; genu, body and splenium of CC, fornix, forceps major and minor and MCP | 5.95 | 121, 106, 64 |
Bi-tensor FW imaging | |||||
FAT | HC > PD | 22185 | Bilateral ATR, CST, IFOF, ILF, SLF, ACR, SCR, PCR, external capsule; Lt-CCG, UF, retrolenticular part of the IC, PTR, sagittal stratum; forceps major and minor, genu, body and splenium of CC, fornix | 5.37 | 45, 125, 47 |
MDT | HC < PD | 18356 | Bilateral ATR, CST, IFOF, SLF, UF, ALIC, PLIC, ACR, SCR, external capsule, SFOF; Lt-CCG, retrolenticular part of the IC, PCR; forceps minor, genu, body and splenium of CC; fornix | 5.73 | 119, 94, 120 |
ADT | HC < PD | 11610 | Bilateral ATR, CST, IFOF, UF, ALIC, PLIC, retrolenticular part of the IC, ACR, SCR, PCR, external capsule, SFOF; Rt- SLF; genu, body and splenium of the CC and forceps minor | 5.52 | 80, 158, 77 |
RDT | HC < PD | 33504 | Bilateral ATR, CST, IFOF, ILF, SLF, UF, ALIC, PLIC, ACR, SCR, PCR, PTR, sagittal stratum, external capsule, SFOF; Lt-CCG; temporal part of the Rt-SLF, retrolenticular part of the IC, UF, tapatum; forceps major and minor, genu, body and splenium of CC, fornix | 5.64 | 143, 99, 99 |
FW | HC < PD | 5716 | Bilateral ATR, CST, IFOF, ILF, SLF, SLF temporal part, SCR, PCR, PTR, tapatum; Lt-retrolenticular part of the IC, sagittal stratum; Rt-ACR; forceps major and minor, genu, body and splenium of CC, fornix | 5.45 | 89, 133, 74 |
WM Areas | HC | PD | P Value | t-Value | Cohen’s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
DTI | ||||||||
FA | Anterior | 0.48 | 0.014 | 0.47 | 0.018 | 0.019 * | 2.46 | 0.78 |
Posterior | 0.61 | 0.021 | 0.60 | 0.021 | 0.011 * | 2.69 | 0.85 | |
MD | Anterior | 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.83 | 0.048 | 0.014 * | −2.58 | 0.81 |
Posterior | 0.82 | 0.029 | 0.85 | 0.047 | 0.036 ° | −2.18 | 0.69 | |
AD | Anterior | 1.25 | 0.043 | 1.28 | 0.058 | 0.038 ° | −2.16 | 0.68 |
Posterior | 1.49 | 0.038 | 1.51 | 0.058 | 0.32 | −1.00 | 0.32 | |
RD | Anterior | 0.57 | 0.032 | 0.61 | 0.046 | 0.010 * | −2.71 | 0.86 |
Posterior | 0.49 | 0.032 | 0.52 | 0.045 | 0.012 * | −2.65 | 0.84 | |
FW imaging | ||||||||
FAT | Anterior | 0.64 | 0.026 | 0.61 | 0.020 | 0.0021 * | 3.30 | 1.04 |
Posterior | 0.75 | 0.018 | 0.75 | 0.019 | 0.40 | 0.85 | 0.27 | |
MDT | Anterior | 0.56 | 0.039 | 0.60 | 0.036 | 0.0014 * | −3.45 | 1.09 |
Posterior | 0.61 | 0.014 | 0.62 | 0.022 | 0.25 | −1.16 | 0.37 | |
ADT | Anterior | 1.00 | 0.053 | 1.05 | 0.053 | 0.0025 * | −3.24 | 1.02 |
Posterior | 1.29 | 0.027 | 1.29 | 0.041 | 0.71 | −0.38 | 0.12 | |
RDT | Anterior | 0.34 | 0.033 | 0.37 | 0.031 | 0.0016 * | −3.40 | 1.22 |
Posterior | 0.27 | 0.020 | 0.28 | 0.024 | 0.26 | −1.14 | 0.36 | |
FW | Anterior | 0.21 | 0.016 | 0.23 | 0.042 | 0.079 | −1.81 | 0.57 |
Posterior | 0.21 | 0.024 | 0.24 | 0.042 | 0.020 * | −2.44 | 0.77 |
Modality | Contrast | Cluster Size | Anatomical Region | Peak t-Value | Peak MNI Coordinates (X, Y, Z) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDT | HC < PD | 4.9 | 38, 60, 46 | |||
— | Frontal | — | ||||
42 | Temporal | Bilateral fusiform, Rt-entorhinal and temporal pole | ||||
43 | Parietal | Bilateral precuneus | ||||
23 | Occipital | Bilateral lingual | ||||
102 | Limbic and para-limbic | Bilateral isthmus cingulate and para-hippocampal; Rt-hippocampus | ||||
49 | Deep GM | Lt-thalamus; Rt-caudate and putamen | ||||
ADT | HC < PD | 5.05 | 38, 60, 46 | |||
— | Frontal | — | ||||
62 | Temporal | Bilateral fusiform; Rt-enthorinal, inferior temporal and temporal pole | ||||
53 | Parietal | Bilateral precuneus | ||||
27 | Occipital | Bilateral lingual | ||||
146 | Limbic and para-limbic | Bilateral isthmus cingulate, para-hippocampal and hippocampus; Rt-amygdala and accumbens | ||||
162 | Deep GM | Bilateral thalamus, caudate; Rt-putamen | ||||
FW | HC < PD | 7.37 | 43, 46, 54 | |||
534 | Frontal | Bilateral lateral orbitofrontal, medial orbitofrontal, pars opercularis, pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, superior frontal, frontal pole and precentral; Rt-paracentral and rostral middle frontal | ||||
235 | Temporal | Bilateral fusiform and superior temporal; Lt-transverse temporal; Rt-entorhinal, fusiform, inferior temporal and temporal pole | ||||
132 | Parietal | Bilateral post-central, precuneus; Rt-supramarginal | ||||
47 | Occipital | Bilateral lingual; Lt-cuneus, lateral-occipital and pericalcarine | ||||
1106 | Limbic and para-limbic | Bilateral isthmus cingulate, caudal anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, rostral anterior cingulate, insula, para-hippocampal, accumbens and hippocampus; Rt-amygdala | ||||
133 | Deep GM | Bilateral thalamus, caudate and putamen |
Braak Stage | HC | PD | P Value | t-Value | Cohen’s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
MDT | IV | 0.56 | 0.039 | 0.60 | 0.036 | 0.016 * | −2.51 | 0.79 |
V | 0.61 | 0.014 | 0.62 | 0.022 | 0.036 ° | −2.18 | 0.69 | |
VI | 0.34 | 0.033 | 0.37 | 0.031 | 0.073 | −1.85 | 0.35 | |
ADT | IV | 0.90 | 0.043 | 0.95 | 0.078 | 0.018 ° | −2.48 | 0.78 |
V | 0.84 | 0.032 | 0.88 | 0.059 | 0.044 ° | −2.08 | 0.66 | |
VI | 0.86 | 0.037 | 0.88 | 0.064 | 0.20 | −1.30 | 0.41 | |
FW | VI | 0.31 | 0.020 | 0.33 | 0.037 | 0.0059 * | −2.92 | 0.92 |
V | 0.29 | 0.020 | 0.31 | 0.030 | 0.021 ° | −2.41 | 0.76 | |
VI | 0.26 | 0.025 | 0.27 | 0.036 | 0.13 | −1.56 | 0.49 |
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Andica, C.; Kamagata, K.; Hatano, T.; Saito, A.; Uchida, W.; Ogawa, T.; Takeshige-Amano, H.; Zalesky, A.; Wada, A.; Suzuki, M.; et al. Free-Water Imaging in White and Gray Matter in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2019, 8, 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080839
Andica C, Kamagata K, Hatano T, Saito A, Uchida W, Ogawa T, Takeshige-Amano H, Zalesky A, Wada A, Suzuki M, et al. Free-Water Imaging in White and Gray Matter in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells. 2019; 8(8):839. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080839
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndica, Christina, Koji Kamagata, Taku Hatano, Asami Saito, Wataru Uchida, Takashi Ogawa, Haruka Takeshige-Amano, Andrew Zalesky, Akihiko Wada, Michimasa Suzuki, and et al. 2019. "Free-Water Imaging in White and Gray Matter in Parkinson’s Disease" Cells 8, no. 8: 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080839