Small Extracellular Vesicles: Key Forces Mediating the Development and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Tumor-Derived sEVs Reshape the CRC Tumor Microenvironment
2.1. sEVs Mediate the Formation of Immunosuppressive Environments in Distant Organs
2.2. sEVs Are Involved in Remodeling the Extracellular Matrix of CRC
2.3. Tumor-Derived sEVs Promote the Metabolism of Promoted Tumor Cells
3. Other Cell-Derived sEVs Promote the Development and Metastasis of CRC
4. Intestinal Microbial-Derived sEVs Promote CRC Development and Metastasis
5. Application of sEVs in the Diagnosis and Treatment of CRC
5.1. sEVs as Early Markers for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis
5.2. The Value of sEVs in CRC Treatment
5.3. Clinical Implications of sEVs as Markers and Drug Carriers in CRC Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAFs | Cancer-associated fibroblasts |
CRC | Colorectal cancer |
sEVs | Small extracellular vesicles |
miRNA/miR | microRNA |
IECs | Intestinal epithelial cells |
CDT | Cytolethal distending toxin |
TME | Tumor microenvironment |
TAM | Tumor-associated macrophage |
CTLs | Cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
PD-L1 | Programmed death-ligand 1 |
NET | Neutrophil trap |
MDSCs | Myeloid-derived suppressor cells |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor-β |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
ETBF | Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis |
DSS | Dextran sodium sulfate |
OMV | Outer membrane vesicle |
lncRNA | Long noncoding RNA |
HA | Hyaluronic acid |
ICIs | Immune checkpoint inhibitors |
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Category | Name | Expression | Use in Colorectal Cancer | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miRNA lncRNA | miR-92b | Downward adjustment | Distinguishing CRC from CA | [88] |
miR-125a-3p | Upward adjustment | Inhibition of migration and invasion | [86] | |
miR-6803-5p miR-27a miR-130a | Upward adjustment Upward adjustment Upward adjustment | Suggests poor prognosis Differentiating CRC patients Differentiating CRC patients | [81] [83] [84] | |
LOC344887 LINC00675 DPP10-AS HAGLR GAS5 | Upward adjustment Upward adjustment Upward adjustment Upward adjustment Upward adjustment | Differentiating between CRC patients Differentiating between CRC patients Differentiating between CRC patients Differentiating between CRC patients Inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | [85] [85] [85] [85] [94] | |
CCAT2 | Upward adjustment | Enhanced invasion and metastasis | [95] | |
CRNDE-h | Upward adjustment | Differentiating between patients with CRC and those with benign colorectal disease | [93] | |
Protein | LNCV6_116109 | Upward adjustment | Differentiating between CRC patients | [92] |
LNCV6_98390 | Upward adjustment | Differentiating between CRC patients | [92] | |
LNCV6_84003 | Upward adjustment | Differentiating between CRC patients | [92] | |
CD147 Hsp60 | Upward adjustment Upward adjustment | Differentiating between CRC patients Induced anti-tumor response | [91] [99] | |
GPC1 | Upward adjustment | Differentiating between CRC patients | [100] | |
CPNE3 | Upward adjustment | Differentiating colorectal cancer from other tumors | [101] | |
SPARC | Upward adjustment | Promotes invasion and induces angiogenesis | [102] | |
CEA | Upward adjustment | Monitoring for CRC recurrence | [103] |
NCT Number | Title | Status | Study Results | Interventions | Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCT04523389 | Contents of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles: Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Patients | Recruiting | No Results Available |
| |
NCT04298398 | Impact of Group Psychological Interventions on Extracellular Vesicles in People Who Had Cancer | Not yet recruiting | No Results Available |
| Phase: Not Applicable |
NCT04394572 | Identification of New Diagnostic Protein Markers for Colorectal Cancer | Recruiting | No Results Available |
| |
NCT01294072 | Study Investigating the Ability of Plant Exosomes to Deliver Curcumin to Normal and Colon Cancer Tissue | Recruiting | No Results Available |
| Phase: Phase 1 |
NCT04852653 | A Prospective Feasibility Study Evaluating Extracellular Vesicles Obtained by Liquid Biopsy for Neoadjuvant Treatment Response Assessment in Rectal Cancer | Not yet recruiting | No Results Available |
|
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Zhang, W.; Hu, X.; Jiang, Z. Small Extracellular Vesicles: Key Forces Mediating the Development and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2022, 11, 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11111780
Zhang W, Hu X, Jiang Z. Small Extracellular Vesicles: Key Forces Mediating the Development and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Cells. 2022; 11(11):1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11111780
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Wenjie, Xiaoxue Hu, and Zhengting Jiang. 2022. "Small Extracellular Vesicles: Key Forces Mediating the Development and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer" Cells 11, no. 11: 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11111780