Modelling of Web-Crippling Behavior of Pultruded GFRP I Sections at Elevated Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program at Room Temperature
2.1. Materials and Specimens
2.2. Experimental Instruments and Set-Up
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental Observation and Failure Modes
3.2. Load-Displacement Response
3.3. Strain Analysis
4. Numerical Modelling of Web-Crippling Behavior at Elevated Temperatures
4.1. Validation of the Numerical Model at Room Temperature
4.1.1. Material Properties and Finite Element Mesh
4.1.2. Load and Boundary Conditions
4.1.3. Damage Initiation Criterion and Damage Evolution Law
4.1.4. Mesh Sensitivity and Validation of the Finite Element Model
4.2. Numerical Model at Elevated Temperatures
4.2.1. Temperature-Dependent Material Properties
4.2.2. Validation of the Developed Numerical Model Considering Temperature-Dependent Material Properties
4.2.3. Temperature-Dependent Load-Displacement Responses
4.2.4. Progressive Web-Crippling Failure Process at Elevated Temperatures
4.2.5. Temperature-Dependent Stress Responses
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The initial damage of the pultruded GFRP I sections was triggered by exceeding the shear strength at the web-flange junction near the corner of the steel bearing plate and independent of the elevated temperatures and loading configurations. The pultruded GFRP I sections failed by the web crushing with a longitudinal crack propagated from the web-flange junction near the corner of the steel bearing plate.
- (2)
- At room temperature, no significant difference in the ultimate load (web-crippling strength) of the pultruded GFRP I sections was found between the end-two-flange and end-bearing-with-ground-support loading configurations. The stiffness and displacement at the failure of the specimen under the end-two-flange loading configuration were close to those under the end-bearing-with-ground-support loading configuration.
- (3)
- A finite element model based on the Hashin failure criterion, damage evolution law and the temperature-dependent material properties was developed to simulate the web-crippling behavior of the pultruded GFRP I sections under elevated temperatures. The model was verified with web-crippling experiments at room temperature as well as the 10° off-axis tension and the uniaxial tension experiments at elevated temperatures. Good agreements were found between the experimental and numerical ultimate loads and failure modes.
- (4)
- The ultimate load decreased obviously with the increasing temperature. For specimens under the end-two-flange loading configuration, the ultimate loads at 100 and 220 °C were reduced by 21% and 57%, respectively, whereas the ultimate loads of the specimens under the end-bearing-with-ground-support loading configuration at 100 and 220 °C were reduced by 22% and 62%, respectively. Moreover, the stiffness reduced faster than the ultimate load with the increase in temperature. As an example, For the specimens under the end-two-flange loading configuration, the elastic stiffness decreased by 37% and 87% at 100 and 220 °C, respectively, compared to that at room temperature.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen | Length (L) | Height (H) | Width (B) | Flange Thickness (tf) | Web Thickness (tw) | H/B (-) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ETF139.7-b50-1 | 300 | 139.7 | 63.5 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 2.2 |
ETF139.7-b50-2 | 300 | 139.7 | 63.5 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 2.2 |
EG139.7-b50-1 | 300 | 139.7 | 63.5 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 2.2 |
EG139.7-b50-2 | 300 | 139.7 | 63.5 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 2.2 |
E1 (GPa) | E2 (GPa) | G12 (GPa) | G13 (GPa) | G23 (GPa) | v (-) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25.5 | 12.1 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 0.266 |
S1,t | S1,c | S2,t | S2,c | S12 | S23 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
336.7 | 319.6 | 158.5 | 158.5 | 31.9 | 31.9 |
Fiber Tension Gft | Fiber Compression Gfc | Matrix Tension Gmt | Matrix Compression Gmc |
---|---|---|---|
71.4 | 158.4 | 12.72 | 28.44 |
Specimens | Pnum (kN) | Pexp (kN) | Pnum/Pexp |
---|---|---|---|
S20 | 52.2 | 51.1 | 1.02 |
S100 | 32.1 | 30.4 | 1.06 |
S140 | 19.4 | 19.7 | 0.98 |
S220 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 1.03 |
T20 | 63.7 | 68.6 | 0.93 |
T100 | 46.2 | 49.8 | 0.93 |
T140 | 37.4 | 41.3 | 0.91 |
T220 | 15.5 | 18.1 | 0.86 |
Average | 0.97 | ||
COV | 0.07 |
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Zhang, L.; Li, Q.; Long, Y.; Cao, D.; Guo, K. Modelling of Web-Crippling Behavior of Pultruded GFRP I Sections at Elevated Temperatures. Polymers 2022, 14, 5313. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235313
Zhang L, Li Q, Long Y, Cao D, Guo K. Modelling of Web-Crippling Behavior of Pultruded GFRP I Sections at Elevated Temperatures. Polymers. 2022; 14(23):5313. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235313
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Lingfeng, Qianyi Li, Ying Long, Dafu Cao, and Kai Guo. 2022. "Modelling of Web-Crippling Behavior of Pultruded GFRP I Sections at Elevated Temperatures" Polymers 14, no. 23: 5313. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235313