Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum

Fernández-Herrera, Leyberth José; Band-Schmidt, Christine Johanna; Zenteno-Savín, Tania; Leyva-Valencia, Ignacio; Hernández-Guerrero, Claudia Judith; Hernández-Sandoval, Francisco Eduardo; Bustillos-Guzmán, José Jesús

doi:10.3390/toxins14090616

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum

by

Leyberth José Fernández-Herrera

^1,*,

Christine Johanna Band-Schmidt

^1,*

,

Tania Zenteno-Savín

²

,

Ignacio Leyva-Valencia

^1,3,

Claudia Judith Hernández-Guerrero

¹

,

Francisco Eduardo Hernández-Sandoval

²

and

José Jesús Bustillos-Guzmán

²

¹

Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico

²

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico

³

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CONACyT, IPN-CICIMAR), Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Toxins 2022, 14(9), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090616

Submission received: 3 August 2022 / Revised: 27 August 2022 / Accepted: 31 August 2022 / Published: 3 September 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalga and Toxins)

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Abstract

Allelopathy between phytoplankton organisms is promoted by substances released into the marine environment that limit the presence of the dominating species. We evaluated the allelopathic effects and response of cell-free media of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum in the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Additionally, single- and four-cell chains of G. catenatum isolated from media with allelochemicals were cultured to evaluate the effects of post exposure on growth and cell viability. Cell diagnosis showed growth limitation and an increase in cell volume, which reduced mobility and led to cell lysis. When G. catenatum was exposed to cell-free media of C. marina and G. impudicum, temporary cysts and an increased concentration of paralytic shellfish toxins were observed. After exposure to allelochemicals, the toxin profile of G. catenatum cells in the allelopathy experiments was composed of gonyautoxins 2/3 (GTX2/3), decarcarbamoyl (dcSTX, dcGTX2/3), and the sulfocarbamoyl toxins (B1 and C1/2). A difference in toxicity (pg STXeq cell⁻¹) was observed between G. catenatum cells in the control and those exposed to the filtrates of C. marina var. marina and G. impudicum. Single cells of G. catenatum had a lower growth rate, whereas chain-forming cells had a higher growth rate. We suggest that a low number of G. catenatum cells can survive the allelopathic effect. We hypothesize that the survival strategy of G. catenatum is migration through the chemical cloud, encystment, and increased toxicity.

Keywords: allelochemical; chemical ecology; paralytic shellfish toxins

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fernández-Herrera, L.J.; Band-Schmidt, C.J.; Zenteno-Savín, T.; Leyva-Valencia, I.; Hernández-Guerrero, C.J.; Hernández-Sandoval, F.E.; Bustillos-Guzmán, J.J. Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum. Toxins 2022, 14, 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090616

AMA Style

Fernández-Herrera LJ, Band-Schmidt CJ, Zenteno-Savín T, Leyva-Valencia I, Hernández-Guerrero CJ, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ. Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum. Toxins. 2022; 14(9):616. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090616

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernández-Herrera, Leyberth José, Christine Johanna Band-Schmidt, Tania Zenteno-Savín, Ignacio Leyva-Valencia, Claudia Judith Hernández-Guerrero, Francisco Eduardo Hernández-Sandoval, and José Jesús Bustillos-Guzmán. 2022. "Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum" Toxins 14, no. 9: 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090616

APA Style

Fernández-Herrera, L. J., Band-Schmidt, C. J., Zenteno-Savín, T., Leyva-Valencia, I., Hernández-Guerrero, C. J., Hernández-Sandoval, F. E., & Bustillos-Guzmán, J. J. (2022). Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum. Toxins, 14(9), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090616

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Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum

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