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Article

Multi-Mycotoxin Long-Term Monitoring Survey on North-Italian Maize over an 11-Year Period (2011–2021): The Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites

by
Sabrina Locatelli
1,*,†,
Valentina Scarpino
2,†,
Chiara Lanzanova
1,
Elio Romano
3 and
Amedeo Reyneri
2
1
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via Stezzano, 24, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
2
Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
3
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via Milano 43, 24047 Treviglio, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Toxins 2022, 14(8), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080520
Submission received: 29 June 2022 / Revised: 26 July 2022 / Accepted: 27 July 2022 / Published: 29 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from MycoKey - MycoTWIN - ISM international conference)
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Abstract

Maize is considered one of the most susceptible crops to mycotoxin-producing fungi throughout the world, mainly belonging to the Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. Maize is mainly used as animal feeds in Italy, as well as for human consumption, being essential for all the protected designation of origin (DOP) products. Our study investigated the occurrence of regulated mycotoxins in 3769 maize grain samples collected from 88 storage centers by the National Monitoring Network over an 11-year period (2011–2021). Moreover, an in-depth survey over a 4-year period, characterized by extremely different meteorological conditions, was conducted to investigate the co-occurrence of regulated, masked, and emerging mycotoxins. The survey confirmed that Fusarium spp. was the most frequent fungi and fumonisins were the main mycotoxins that were constantly detected in the different years and areas. Moreover, the areas characterized by high fumonisin levels were also the most prone to contamination by emerging mycotoxins produced by the same Fusarium species of the Liseola section. On the other hand, as a result of climatic changes, maize grains have also been affected by the increased frequency of aflatoxin accumulation. Deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and other emerging mycotoxins produced by the same Fusarium species as the Discolor section occurred more abundantly in some areas in Northern Italy and in years characterized by predisposing meteorological conditions.
Keywords: aflatoxin B1; Aspergillus; deoxynivalenol; fumonisins; Fusarium; survey; zearalenone aflatoxin B1; Aspergillus; deoxynivalenol; fumonisins; Fusarium; survey; zearalenone

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MDPI and ACS Style

Locatelli, S.; Scarpino, V.; Lanzanova, C.; Romano, E.; Reyneri, A. Multi-Mycotoxin Long-Term Monitoring Survey on North-Italian Maize over an 11-Year Period (2011–2021): The Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites. Toxins 2022, 14, 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080520

AMA Style

Locatelli S, Scarpino V, Lanzanova C, Romano E, Reyneri A. Multi-Mycotoxin Long-Term Monitoring Survey on North-Italian Maize over an 11-Year Period (2011–2021): The Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites. Toxins. 2022; 14(8):520. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080520

Chicago/Turabian Style

Locatelli, Sabrina, Valentina Scarpino, Chiara Lanzanova, Elio Romano, and Amedeo Reyneri. 2022. "Multi-Mycotoxin Long-Term Monitoring Survey on North-Italian Maize over an 11-Year Period (2011–2021): The Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites" Toxins 14, no. 8: 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080520

APA Style

Locatelli, S., Scarpino, V., Lanzanova, C., Romano, E., & Reyneri, A. (2022). Multi-Mycotoxin Long-Term Monitoring Survey on North-Italian Maize over an 11-Year Period (2011–2021): The Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites. Toxins, 14(8), 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080520

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