Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. First Study
2.2. Second Study
2.3. Mass Balance
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Materials and Reagents
5.2. Samples and Cleaning Processes
5.3. Sampling
5.4. Mycotoxins Analysis
5.4.1. Analysis of DON
5.4.2. Analysis of ZEA
5.4.3. Analysis of FB1 and FB2
5.5. Mass Balance
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maize-Cleaning Fraction | Study 1 | Study 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sampled Fraction | Yield (%) Batches A–C | Sampled Fraction | Yield (%) Batches A1, A2 | Yield (%) Batches B1, B2 | |
Unprocessed raw maize a | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 100 |
Rejected fraction from separator b | - | 2 | 3.0 | 2.0 | |
Rejected fraction from separator c | - | 3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
Rejected fraction from aspirator d | - | 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
Rejected fraction from concentrator e | - | 5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | |
Rejected fraction from optical sorter f | 2 | 5.0 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Cleaned maize | 3 | 95.0 | 7 | 93.6 | 96.0 |
Batch | Sampled Fraction 1 | DON (µg/kg) | DON Reduction (%) | ZEA (µg/kg) | ZEA Reduction (%) | FBs 2 (µg/kg) | FBs 2 Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 1 | 11,130 | 63 | 2690 | 78 | 5680 | 27 |
2 | 108,540 | 40,310 | 22,850 | ||||
3 | 4100 | 580 | 4150 | ||||
B | 1 | 17,400 | 67 | 4460 | 87 | 6540 | 28 |
2 | 168,250 | 18,700 | 22,320 | ||||
3 | 5790 | 590 | 4690 | ||||
C | 1 | 3200 | 44 | 660 | 67 | 2520 | 27 |
2 | 27,620 | 10,060 | 7860 | ||||
3 | 1780 | 220 | 1830 |
Batch | Sampled Fraction 1 | DON (µg/kg) | DON Reduction (%) | ZEA (µg/kg) | ZEA Reduction (%) | FBs 2 (µg/kg) | FBs 2 Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 1 | 250 | 36 | 50 | 80 | 1705 | 54 |
2 | 940 | 160 | 7640 | ||||
3 | 1260 | 265 | 14,180 | ||||
4 | 1350 | 270 | 8100 | ||||
5 | 2600 | 540 | 31,760 | ||||
6 | 5550 | 90 | 3640 | ||||
7 | 160 | 10 | 780 | ||||
A2 | 1 | 220 | 52 | 40 | 75 | 1765 | 34 |
2 | 680 | 170 | 6830 | ||||
3 | 1490 | 230 | 19,720 | ||||
4 | 1300 | 130 | 17,305 | ||||
5 | 1560 | 350 | 28,890 | ||||
6 | 2550 | 490 | 5620 | ||||
7 | 105 | 10 | 1160 | ||||
B1 | 1 | 350 | 43 | 55 | 82 | 1740 | 67 |
2 | 1080 | 115 | 4870 | ||||
3 | 4240 | 550 | 48,250 | ||||
4 | 10,680 | 1405 | 35,575 | ||||
5 | 5760 | 760 | 52,530 | ||||
6 | 12,280 | 750 | 8240 | ||||
7 | 200 | 10 | 580 | ||||
B2 | 1 | 330 | 48 | 50 | 80 | 1735 | 50 |
2 | 1030 | 55 | 4740 | ||||
3 | 4970 | 560 | 44,980 | ||||
4 | 9900 | 180 | 40,670 | ||||
5 | 5820 | 250 | 39,990 | ||||
6 | 11,230 | 745 | 7400 | ||||
7 | 170 | 10 | 860 |
Study | Batch | DON (%) | ZEA (%) | FBs 1 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | 84 | 95 | 90 |
B | 80 | 87 | 85 | |
C | 96 | 108 | 85 | |
2 | A1 | 105 | 53 | 95 |
A2 | 79 | 62 | 114 | |
B1 | 99 | 43 | 88 | |
B2 | 96 | 37 | 100 |
Study | Sampled Fraction | Number of Incremental Samples | Aggregate Sample Weight (kg) |
---|---|---|---|
1 1 | 1, 3 | 100 | 10–14 |
2 | 10 | 1–2 | |
2 2 | 1, 7 | 60 | 6–10 |
2 | 10 | 1–2 | |
3, 4, 5, 6 | 5 | 1–2 |
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Pascale, M.; Logrieco, A.F.; Lippolis, V.; De Girolamo, A.; Cervellieri, S.; Lattanzio, V.M.T.; Ciasca, B.; Vega, A.; Reichel, M.; Graeber, M.; et al. Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize. Toxins 2022, 14, 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728
Pascale M, Logrieco AF, Lippolis V, De Girolamo A, Cervellieri S, Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Vega A, Reichel M, Graeber M, et al. Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize. Toxins. 2022; 14(11):728. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728
Chicago/Turabian StylePascale, Michelangelo, Antonio F. Logrieco, Vincenzo Lippolis, Annalisa De Girolamo, Salvatore Cervellieri, Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, Biancamaria Ciasca, Anna Vega, Mareike Reichel, Matthias Graeber, and et al. 2022. "Industrial-Scale Cleaning Solutions for the Reduction of Fusarium Toxins in Maize" Toxins 14, no. 11: 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110728