Exploring the Ecological Implications, Gastronomic Applications, and Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Juglans regia L. (Green Walnut): A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Research on Green Walnut and Its Availability
3. Botanical Profile and Impact
4. Best Practices for Harvesting of Green Walnuts
4.1. Harvesting Time
4.2. Selecting the Right Nuts
4.3. Wearing Gloves
4.4. Picking Method
4.5. Processing
4.6. Storage
4.7. Effect of Geographical Origin of Walnuts on Their Functionality and Composition
Part of the Plant | General Uses | Bioactive Compounds | Medicinal Benefits | Availability of Nutrients | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kernel | Used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of stomachache and cough. | Flavonoids | (+)-catechin Hydrate; (+)-catechin; (−)-epicatechin; Rutin;gallate (+)-catechin hydrate quercetin; syringol; chrysin; myricetin | Hypolipidemic effect; antioxidant activity; antibacterial properties; antiproliferative properties; chemo-preventive properties | A rich source of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids; also contains a high number of phenolic compounds. | [3,22,24,25,26,27] |
Tannins | Quercetin-3-ß-d- glucoside 1;3;6- trigalloylglucose penta-o-galloyl-ß-d- glucose | |||||
Phenolic acids | Neochlorogenic acid; ferulic acid;vanillic acid; syringic acid; caffeic acid; chlorogenic acid; ellagic acid; p-coumaric acid; cinnamic acid; quinic acid; gallic acid p-hydroxybenzoic acid | |||||
Quinones | - | |||||
Husk | The green husk is used in the preparation of liqueur; the husk extract as used as a source of antioxidants to suppress the level of LDL cholesterol and to treat and relieve pain related to skin disorders. | Flavonoids | Apigenin; apigenin; 7-o-b-d-glucuronide; rutin; kaempferol; (+)-catechin; (−)-epicatechin; Myricetin; sudachitin; cirsilineol; 5;6;4′-trihydroxy-7;3-dimethoxy-flavone; eriodictyol | Liver- and kidney-protective; antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties; improves immune function | Contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids. | [28,29,30,31] |
Tannins | tannic acid;ellagic acid | |||||
Phenolic acids | n-hexadecanoic acid; octadecanoic acid; acetic acid; propanoic acid; formic acid; hydroxy-butanoic acid; pentanoic acid; crotonic acid; oxo-pentanoicacid;tetradecanoic acid;2-methyl-propanoic acid; butanoic acid | |||||
Quinones | 2-methoxy juglone (26.75) juglone (113.63) 8-dihydroxy-1;4- naphthoquinone; 2-hydroxy-14 Naphthoquinone; 8-hydroxyquinoline; 1;4- Naphthoquinone; juglone1-naphtho | |||||
Shell | The shell is biodegradable in nature and helps improve soil health; it is used as mulching material to control weed growth and regulate the temperature of soil, and a powdered form of the shell is used as a filter medium. | Juglone; tannins; phenolic compounds; pyroligneous acids | Antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties | Good source of micronutrients including vitamins and minerals; also exhibits oleophilic (oil-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties. | [19,32,33,34,35,36,37] | |
Bark | Walnut bark is used for cleaning teeth; bark paste is useful in the treatment of arthritis, skin diseases, and toothache and the growth of hairs. | Polyphenols; flavonoids | Prevents tooth ache and tooth decay; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; antifungal activity; platelet aggregation; antiseptic | Walnut bark contains potassium hydroxide which has whitening properties, it is also rich in phenolic antioxidants. | [38,39,40,41,42] | |
Root | Root extracts of walnut havie inhibitory activities against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, S. aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). | Alkaloids; flavonoids; polyphenolic compounds | Hair loss; dandruff; skin disorders | Ethyl acetate extract, methanolic extract, and hexane extract have bacterial inhibition activity (phenolic compounds; saponins). | [41,43,44,45] | |
Leaves | Walnut leaves are utilized in traditional medicine as remedies to treat venous insufficiency and hemorrhoidal symptomatology, and for their anthelmintic, depurative, and antidiarrheal effects. Dried walnut leaves are used as an infusion. | Phenolic acids; tannins; essential fatty acids; ascorbic acid; flavonoids; caffeic acid; para-coumaric acid; Juglone; galactosidase; arabinoside; xyloside; rhamnoside; Naphthoquinone | Antioxidant activity; lipid-lowering effect; antihypertensive effect; antimicrobial effects; gastroprotective activity; hypercholesteraemic activity; antidiabetic effect; anticancer effect; hepato-protective activity and aanti-aging activity | Juglone is a natural phenolic compound is found in fresh walnut leaves. Walnut leaves are also good source of flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and p-coumaric acid. | [46,47,48,49,50,51] |
Nutritional Component | Percentage | Pharmaceutical Potential | Impact on Human Health | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin C | 8.7 mg/100 g | Antioxidant; immune system support | Helps protect cells from damage; boosts immune system | [52] |
Vitamin E | 2.6 mg/100 g | Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory | Helps protect against oxidative stress; reduces inflammation | [53] |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | -- | Anti-inflammatory; cardiovascular support | Supports heart health; reduces inflammation | [54] |
Polyphenols | -- | Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory | May help reduce inflammation; protect against chronic diseases | [55] |
Melatonin | -- | Sleep regulation; antioxidant | Helps regulate sleep; acts as an antioxidant | [53] |
Fiber | 3.4 g/100 g | Digestive health; weight management | Aids in digestion; helps maintain a healthy weight | [56] |
Minerals (e.g., Magnesium, Potassium) | -- | Muscle function; bone health | Important for muscle and nerve function and bone health | [57] |
5. Different Applications of Walnut in Medicine and Gastronomy
5.1. Antitumor Activity
5.2. Improving Memory Loss/Improving Cells/Antihypertension
5.3. Regulation of Blood Sugar/Anti-Obesity and Hypoglycemic Effect/Antihyperuricemia
5.4. Antibacterial Agents
5.5. Enzyme Inhibitors
5.6. Antioxidant Activity
5.7. Culinary Uses
5.7.1. Nocino and Vin de Noix
5.7.2. Pickles and Preserves
5.7.3. Food Additives
5.7.4. Food Films/Alcohol
Therapeutic Uses | Food/Culinary Uses | Ecological/Industrial Uses | References |
---|---|---|---|
Antibacterial agent | Application as a food additive | Contributes to increasing soil carbon | [78,79,90,91,118] |
Antitumor activities | Preparation of bioactive packaging film and nano-chitosan coating | Helps in reducing pollution | [58,59,92,95,96,97] |
Improves memory loss and protection of nerves | Formulation of beverages | Improves soil health | [19,56,63,87,93,98,99] |
Anti-Obesity and hypoglycemia | To improve product texture | Acts as a natural insecticide | [99,100,101,102] |
Neuroprotection | Dietary fiber as a source of prebiotic | Acts as a natural herbicide | [64,103,104] |
Anti-inflammatory properties | Food fortification | Preparation of polymer composites | [103,105,106,107,108,109] |
Improves cells | Confectionery applications | Natural dye source | [10,87,95,110] |
Prevention of chronic diseases | Production of sugars | Removal of hazardous materials | [111,112,113,114,115,116] |
6. Ecological/Industrial Applications
6.1. Selective Harvesting
6.2. Organic and Fair-Trade Certification
6.3. Environmental Stewardship
6.4. Carbon Sequestration
6.5. Reduced Resource Consumption
6.6. Use of Walnut Husk As Biomass Material
6.7. Walnut Cultivation for Farmers and Producers
6.8. Role of Regulatory Approvals for Use of Green Walnuts
7. Industrial Applications
8. Challenges and Future Prospects
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
WGH | Walnut green husk |
WSP | Walnut septum |
WMBPs | Walnut meal bioactive peptides |
WM | Walnut meal |
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Mukarram, S.A.; Wandhekar, S.S.; Ahmed, A.E.M.; Pandey, V.K.; Csaba, O.; Lajos, D.; József, P.; Harsányi, E.; Bela, K. Exploring the Ecological Implications, Gastronomic Applications, and Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Juglans regia L. (Green Walnut): A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081183
Mukarram SA, Wandhekar SS, Ahmed AEM, Pandey VK, Csaba O, Lajos D, József P, Harsányi E, Bela K. Exploring the Ecological Implications, Gastronomic Applications, and Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Juglans regia L. (Green Walnut): A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients. 2024; 16(8):1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081183
Chicago/Turabian StyleMukarram, Shaikh Ayaz, Sangram S. Wandhekar, Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed, Vinay Kumar Pandey, Oláh Csaba, Daróczi Lajos, Prokisch József, Endre Harsányi, and Kovács Bela. 2024. "Exploring the Ecological Implications, Gastronomic Applications, and Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Juglans regia L. (Green Walnut): A Comprehensive Review" Nutrients 16, no. 8: 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081183