Clustered Cardiometabolic Risk and the “Fat but Fit Paradox” in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. “Fat but Fit Paradox” and Cardiometabolic Risk
3.2. Odds of Cardiometabolic Risk and “Fat but Fit Paradox” and Odds Ratio of Cardiometabolic Risk
3.3. Individual Metabolic Risk and “Fat but Fit Paradox”
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CRF | Muscular Fitness | Physical Fitness | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p-Value | OR | p-Value | OR | p-Value | |
UF | 0.0325 | <0.001 | 0.048 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
UU | 0.096 | <0.001 | 0.051 | <0.001 | 0.083 | <0.001 |
FF | 0.427 | 0.048 | 0.061 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.049 |
FU | 1 | 1 | 1 |
UF | UU | FF | FU | F | p Value | Pairwise Comparisons | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–2 | 1–3 | 1–4 | 2–3 | 2–4 | 3–4 | |||||||
Cardiorespiratory fitness | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.97 ± 1.55 | 18.18 ± 1.55 | 23.88 ± 2.37 | 25.34 ± 3.75 | 149.25 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | |
WC (cm) | 63.91 ± 5.10 | 64.45 ± 6.02 | 78.33 ± 7.21 | 83.90 ± 10.40 | 107.19 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
FM (%) | 16.68 ± 4.65 | 19.35 ± 5.53 | 28.41 ± 5.67 | 31.65 ± 7.29 | 103.70 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.009 | |
LDL (mg/dL) | 80.18 ± 20.31 | 86.31 ± 25.30 | 82.77 ± 22.96 | 96.88 ± 23.69 | 2.98 | 0.033 | ||||||
HDL (mg/dL) | 53.11 ± 17.74 | 53.04 ± 13.16 | 47.66 ± 16.89 | 43.02 ± 17.86 | 4.75 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.004 | ||||
NonHDL (mg/dL) | 91.84 ± 18.40 | 101.69 ± 24.92 | 99.79 ± 22.91 | 110.70 ± 25.22 | 5.69 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Trig (mg/dL) | 58.78 ± 22.09 | 72.05 ± 35.73 | 69.26 ± 30.03 | 84.23 ± 48.00 | 6.47 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||||
MBP (mmHg) | 75.88 ± 9.40 | 80.19 ± 10.97 | 86.05 ± 9.27 | 86.47 ± 11.14 | 12.54 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.006 | ||
Muscular fitness | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.06 ± 1.20 | 19.65 ± 0.07 | 21.65 ± 0.31 | 25.83 ± 2.75 | 23.46 | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.011 | ||
WC (cm) | 62.84 ± 3.48 | 75.25 ± 6.72 | 70.43 ± 4.28 | 82.28 ± 7.10 | 14.82 | <0.001 | 0.038 | <0.001 | 0.025 | |||
FM (%) | 19.45 ± 6.30 | 28.70 ± 2.55 | 23.95 ± 3.52 | 30.48 ± 5.73 | 2.17 | 0.137 | ||||||
LDL (mg/dL) | 55.00 ± 15.82 | 84.50 ± 12.02 | 67.00 ± 15.56 | 85.25 ± 36.58 | 2.16 | 0.139 | ||||||
HDL (mg/dL) | 80.25 ± 14.08 | 71.00 ± 8.49 | 66.75 ± 25.84 | 39.25 ± 4.99 | 2.39 | 0.112 | ||||||
NonHDL (mg/dL) | 72.88 ± 19.32 | 102.50 ± 16.26 | 88.50 ± 15.80 | 111.75 ± 36.83 | 2.66 | 0.089 | ||||||
Trig (mg/dL) | 88.88 ± 24.54 | 89.50 ± 21.92 | 106.75 ± 40.14 | 162.75 ± 72.26 | 0.808 | 0.510 | ||||||
BMP (mmHg) | 90.00 ± 19.94 | 87.50 ± 6.36 | 86.50 ± 11.62 | 92.00 ± 8.16 | 0.10 | 0.961 | ||||||
Physical fitness | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.80 ± 1.24 | 18.96 ± 1.06 | 21.65 ± 0.31 | 25.83 ± 2.75 | 22.99 | <0.001 | 0.013 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.012 | ||
WC (cm) | 64.36 ± 3.34 | 66.28 ± 8.98 | 70.43 ± 4.28 | 82.28 ± 7.10 | 6.76 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.014 | ||||
FM (%) | 19.16 ± 3.84 | 23.44 ± 8.90 | 23.95 ± 3.52 | 30.48 ± 5.73 | 1.67 | 0.218 | ||||||
LDL (mg/dL) | 58.60 ± 17.78 | 63.20 ± 22.20 | 67.00 ± 15.56 | 85.25 ± 36.58 | 1.04 | 0.404 | ||||||
HDL (mg/dL) | 86.60 ± 10.97 | 70.20 ± 10.52 | 66.75 ± 25.84 | 39.25 ± 4.99 | 3.43 | 0.047 | 0.040 | |||||
NonHDL (mg/dL) | 77.20 ± 21.21 | 80.40 ± 24.79 | 88.50 ± 15.80 | 111.75 ± 36.83 | 1.57 | 0.240 | ||||||
Trig (mg/dL) | 92.60 ± 24.81 | 85.40 ± 22.95 | 106.75 ± 40.14 | 162.75 ± 72.26 | 0.81 | 0.510 | ||||||
BMP (mmHg) | 78.60 ± 11.70 | 100.40 ± 16.58 | 86.50 ± 11.62 | 92.00 ± 8.16 | 2.59 | 0.094 |
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González-Gálvez, N.; López-Martínez, A.B.; López-Vivancos, A. Clustered Cardiometabolic Risk and the “Fat but Fit Paradox” in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2024, 16, 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050606
González-Gálvez N, López-Martínez AB, López-Vivancos A. Clustered Cardiometabolic Risk and the “Fat but Fit Paradox” in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2024; 16(5):606. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050606
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Gálvez, Noelia, Ana Belén López-Martínez, and Abraham López-Vivancos. 2024. "Clustered Cardiometabolic Risk and the “Fat but Fit Paradox” in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 16, no. 5: 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050606