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Nutrients
Volume 16
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10.3390/nu16030436
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Review

Diagnostic Criteria and Measurement Techniques of Sarcopenia: A Critical Evaluation of the Up-to-Date Evidence

by
Gavriela Voulgaridou
1,
Stefanos Tyrovolas
2,3,4,5,
Paraskevi Detopoulou
6,
Despoina Tsoumana
1,
Mariella Drakaki
1,
Thomas Apostolou
7,
Ioanna P. Chatziprodromidou
8,
Dimitrios Papandreou
9,
Constantinos Giaginis
10 and
Sousana K. Papadopoulou
1,*
1
Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
2
Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
3
WHOCC Centre for Community Health Services, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
4
Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
5
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
6
Department of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital Korgialenio Benakio, Athanassaki 2, 11526 Athens, Greece
7
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
8
Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patra, Greece
9
Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, College of Health, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
10
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030436
Submission received: 2 January 2024 / Revised: 22 January 2024 / Accepted: 30 January 2024 / Published: 1 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Health Status in Older Adults)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Sarcopenia, a geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive skeletal muscle mass and function decline, poses a significant health risk among the elderly, contributing to frailty, falls, hospitalization, loss of independence and mortality. The prevalence of sarcopenia varies significantly based on various factors, such as living status, demographics, measurement techniques and diagnostic criteria. Although the overall prevalence is reported at 10% in individuals aged 60 and above, disparities exist across settings, with higher rates in nursing homes and hospitals. Additionally, the differences in prevalence between Asian and non-Asian countries highlight the impact of cultural and ethnic factors, and variations in diagnostic criteria, cut-off values and assessment methods contribute to the observed heterogeneity in reported rates. This review outlines diverse diagnostic criteria and several measurement techniques supporting decision making in clinical practice. Moreover, it facilitates the selection of appropriate tools to assess sarcopenia, emphasizing its multifactorial nature. Various scientific groups, including the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS), the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS), the American Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) and the Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC), have published consensus papers outlining diverse definitions of sarcopenia. The choice of diagnostic criteria should be aligned with the specific objectives of the study or clinical practice, considering the characteristics of the study population and available resources.
Keywords: sarcopenia; criteria; muscle mass; muscle strength; physical function; physical performance; biomarkers; screening sarcopenia; criteria; muscle mass; muscle strength; physical function; physical performance; biomarkers; screening

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MDPI and ACS Style

Voulgaridou, G.; Tyrovolas, S.; Detopoulou, P.; Tsoumana, D.; Drakaki, M.; Apostolou, T.; Chatziprodromidou, I.P.; Papandreou, D.; Giaginis, C.; Papadopoulou, S.K. Diagnostic Criteria and Measurement Techniques of Sarcopenia: A Critical Evaluation of the Up-to-Date Evidence. Nutrients 2024, 16, 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030436

AMA Style

Voulgaridou G, Tyrovolas S, Detopoulou P, Tsoumana D, Drakaki M, Apostolou T, Chatziprodromidou IP, Papandreou D, Giaginis C, Papadopoulou SK. Diagnostic Criteria and Measurement Techniques of Sarcopenia: A Critical Evaluation of the Up-to-Date Evidence. Nutrients. 2024; 16(3):436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030436

Chicago/Turabian Style

Voulgaridou, Gavriela, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Paraskevi Detopoulou, Despoina Tsoumana, Mariella Drakaki, Thomas Apostolou, Ioanna P. Chatziprodromidou, Dimitrios Papandreou, Constantinos Giaginis, and Sousana K. Papadopoulou. 2024. "Diagnostic Criteria and Measurement Techniques of Sarcopenia: A Critical Evaluation of the Up-to-Date Evidence" Nutrients 16, no. 3: 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030436

APA Style

Voulgaridou, G., Tyrovolas, S., Detopoulou, P., Tsoumana, D., Drakaki, M., Apostolou, T., Chatziprodromidou, I. P., Papandreou, D., Giaginis, C., & Papadopoulou, S. K. (2024). Diagnostic Criteria and Measurement Techniques of Sarcopenia: A Critical Evaluation of the Up-to-Date Evidence. Nutrients, 16(3), 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030436

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