Peanut Shell Extract Improves Mitochondrial Function in db/db Mice via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Treatments
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR
2.4. Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mitochondria Fission and Fusion Markers
3.2. Mitochondria Biogenesis Markers
3.3. Mitophagy Marker
3.4. Antioxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers
3.5. Microglia Marker
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Saeedi, P.; Petersohn, I.; Salpea, P.; Malanda, B.; Karuranga, S.; Unwin, N.; Colagiuri, S.; Guariguata, L.; Motala, A.A.; Ogurtsova, K.; et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2019, 157, 107843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WHO. Global Report on Diabetes. 2023. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes# (accessed on 10 February 2024).
- Caturano, A.; D’angelo, M.; Mormone, A.; Russo, V.; Mollica, M.P.; Salvatore, T.; Galiero, R.; Rinaldi, L.; Vetrano, E.; Marfella, R.; et al. Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45, 6651–6666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rovira-Llopis, S.; Bañuls, C.; Diaz-Morales, N.; Hernandez-Mijares, A.; Rocha, M.; Victor, V.M. Mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiological implications. Redox Biol. 2017, 11, 637–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Belosludtsev, K.N.; Belosludtseva, N.V.; Dubinin, M.V. Diabetes Mellitus, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Ca(2+)-Dependent Permeability Transition Pore. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prasun, P. Mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)—Mol. Basis Dis. 2020, 1866, 165838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rui, L. Energy metabolism in the liver. Compr. Physiol. 2014, 4, 177–197. [Google Scholar]
- Rosen, E.D.; Spiegelman, B.M. Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Nature 2006, 444, 847–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheithauer, T.P.M.; Rampanelli, E.; Nieuwdorp, M.; Vallance, B.A.; Verchere, C.B.; van Raalte, D.H.; Herrema, H. Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 571731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, P.; Galloway, C.A.; Yoon, Y. Control of mitochondrial morphology through differential interactions of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e20655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinti, M.V.; Fink, G.K.; Hathaway, Q.A.; Durr, A.J.; Kunovac, A.; Hollander, J.M. Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An organ-based analysis. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2019, 316, E268–E285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burgos-Morón, E.; Abad-Jiménez, Z.; de Marañón, A.M.; Iannantuoni, F.; Escribano-López, I.; López-Domènech, S.; Salom, C.; Jover, A.; Mora, V.; Roldan, I.; et al. Relationship between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rocha, M.; Apostolova, N.; Diaz-Rua, R.; Muntane, J.; Victor, V.M. Mitochondria and T2D: Role of Autophagy, ER Stress, and Inflammasome. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 31, 725–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salem, M.A.; Aborehab, N.M.; Al-Karmalawy, A.A.; Fernie, A.R.; Alseekh, S.; Ezzat, S.M. Potential Valorization of Edible Nuts By-Products: Exploring the Immune-Modulatory and Antioxidants Effects of Selected Nut Shells Extracts in Relation to Their Metabolic Profiles. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shah, V.S.; Pareikh, D.; Manjunatha, B.S. Salivary alpha-amylase-biomarker for monitoring type II diabetes. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol. 2021, 25, 441–445. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Sun, X.-M.; Ye, H.-Q.; Liu, J.-B.; Wu, L.; Lin, D.-B.; Yu, Y.-L.; Gao, F. Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of peanut shell polyphenol extracts. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2018, 19, 764–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaihre, Y.R.; Iwamoto, A.; Oogai, S.; Hamajima, H.; Tsuge, K.; Nagata, Y.; Yanagita, T. Perilla pomace obtained from four different varieties have different levels and types of polyphenols and anti-allergic activity. Cytotechnology 2022, 74, 341–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zang, Y.; Igarashi, K.; Li, Y. Anti-diabetic effects of luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside on KK-A(y) mice. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2016, 80, 1580–1586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, R.; Santos, J.M.; Dufour, J.M.; Stephens, E.R.; Miranda, J.M.; Washburn, R.L.; Hibler, T.; Kaur, G.; Lin, D.; Shen, C.-L. Ginger Root Extract Improves GI Health in Diabetic Rats by Improving Intestinal Integrity and Mitochondrial Function. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rao, X.; Huang, X.; Zhou, Z.; Lin, X. An improvement of the 2ˆ(-delta delta CT) method for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data analysis. Biostat. Bioinform. Biomath. 2013, 3, 71–85. [Google Scholar]
- Salinas, E.; Reyes-Pavón, D.; Cortes-Perez, N.G.; Torres-Maravilla, E.; Bitzer-Quintero, O.K.; Langella, P.; Bermúdez-Humarán, L.G. Bioactive Compounds in Food as a Current Therapeutic Approach to Maintain a Healthy Intestinal Epithelium. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vásquez-Reyes, S.; Velázquez-Villegas, L.A.; Vargas-Castillo, A.; Noriega, L.G.; Torres, N.; Tovar, A.R. Dietary bioactive compounds as modulators of mitochondrial function. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2021, 96, 108768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haigh, J.L.; New, L.E.; Filippi, B.M. Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Brain Are Associated With Feeding, Glucose Homeostasis, and Whole-Body Metabolism. Front. Endocrinol. 2020, 11, 580879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, J.M.; Mishra, M.; Kowluru, R.A. Posttranslational modification of mitochondrial transcription factor A in impaired mitochondria biogenesis: Implications in diabetic retinopathy and metabolic memory phenomenon. Exp. Eye Res. 2014, 121, 168–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Edwards, J.L.; Quattrini, A.; Lentz, S.I.; Figueroa-Romero, C.; Cerri, F.; Backus, C.; Hong, Y.; Feldman, E.L. Diabetes regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and fission in mouse neurons. Diabetologia 2010, 53, 160–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maneechote, C.; Chunchai, T.; Apaijai, N.; Chattipakorn, N.; Chattipakorn, S.C. Pharmacological Targeting of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion Alleviates Cognitive Impairment and Brain Pathologies in Pre-diabetic Rats. Mol. Neurobiol. 2022, 59, 3690–3702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, G.; Lee, J.Y.; Han, H.M.; An, H.S.; Jin, Z.; Jeong, E.A.; Kim, K.E.; Shin, H.J.; Lee, J.; Kang, D.; et al. Ablation of dynamin-related protein 1 promotes diabetes-induced synaptic injury in the hippocampus. Cell Death Dis. 2021, 12, 445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kabra, U.D.; Pfuhlmann, K.; Migliorini, A.; Keipert, S.; Lamp, D.; Korsgren, O.; Gegg, M.; Woods, S.C.; Pfluger, P.T.; Lickert, H.; et al. Direct Substrate Delivery Into Mitochondrial Fission-Deficient Pancreatic Islets Rescues Insulin Secretion. Diabetes 2017, 66, 1247–1257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vezza, T.; Díaz-Pozo, P.; Canet, F.; de Marañón, A.M.; Abad-Jiménez, Z.; García-Gargallo, C.; Roldan, I.; Solá, E.; Bañuls, C.; López-Domènech, S.; et al. The Role of Mitochondrial Dynamic Dysfunction in Age-Associated Type 2 Diabetes. World J. Mens. Health 2022, 40, 399–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pacheu-Grau, D.; Rucktäschel, R.; Deckers, M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and its role in tissue-specific cellular stress. Cell Stress 2018, 2, 184–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osellame, L.D.; Singh, A.P.; Stroud, D.A.; Palmer, C.S.; Stojanovski, D.; Ramachandran, R.; Ryan, M.T. Cooperative and independent roles of the Drp1 adaptors Mff, MiD49 and MiD51 in mitochondrial fission. J. Cell Sci. 2016, 129, 2170–2181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lotfy, M.; Adeghate, J.; Kalasz, H.; Singh, J.; Adeghate, E. Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini Review. Curr. Diabetes Rev. 2017, 13, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rius-Pérez, S.; Torres-Cuevas, I.; Millán, I.; Ortega, Á.L.; Pérez, S. PGC-1α, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress: An Integrative View in Metabolism. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2020, 2020, 1452696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, H.; Deng, X.; Shi, Y.; Su, Y.; Wei, J.; Duan, H. PGC-1α, glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Endocrinol. 2016, 229, R99–R115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Besseiche, A.; Riveline, J.-P.; Gautier, J.-F.; Bréant, B.; Blondeau, B. Metabolic roles of PGC-1α and its implications for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2015, 41, 347–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, P.; He, B.; Yu, M.; Shi, M.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Bo, P. Treatment with celastrol protects against obesity through suppression of galanin-induced fat intake and activation of PGC-1α/GLUT4 axis-mediated glucose consumption. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 2019, 1865, 1341–1350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, I.; Chu, C.T.; Kaufman, B.A. The mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in neurodegeneration: Emerging evidence and mechanisms. FEBS Lett. 2018, 592, 793–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowanadisai, W.; Bauerly, K.A.; Tchaparian, E.; Wong, A.; Cortopassi, G.A.; Rucker, R.B. Pyrroloquinoline quinone stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha expression. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 142–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, H.-J.; Aoki, N.; Wu, Y.-J.; Gao, M.-C.; Sekine, K.; Sakurai, T.; Chiba, H.; Watanabe, H.; Watanabe, M.; Hui, S.-P. A Pacific Oyster-Derived Antioxidant, DHMBA, Protects Renal Tubular HK-2 Cells against Oxidative Stress via Reduction of Mitochondrial ROS Production and Fragmentation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iorio, R.; Celenza, G.; Petricca, S. Mitophagy: Molecular Mechanisms, New Concepts on Parkin Activation and the Emerging Role of AMPK/ULK1 Axis. Cells 2021, 11, 30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.; Giordano, S.; Zhang, J. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: Cross-talk and redox signalling. Biochem. J. 2012, 441, 523–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Shen, J.; Chen, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhou, H.; Bai, Z.; Hu, Z.; Guo, X. PINK1 protects against oxidative stress induced senescence of human nucleus pulposus cells via regulating mitophagy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018, 504, 406–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pontrelli, P.; Oranger, A.; Barozzino, M.; Conserva, F.; Papale, M.; Gesualdo, L. The pathological role of the ubiquitination pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Minerva Med. 2018, 109, 53–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sergi, D.; Naumovski, N.N.; Heilbronn, L.H.K.; Abeywardena, M.; O’callaghan, N.; Lionetti, L.; Luscombe-Marsh, N.L.-M. Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet. Front. Physiol. 2019, 10, 532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, R.L.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cong, X.; Zhang, Z.J.; Wu, L.L.; Yu, G.Y. Type 2 diabetes-induced hyposalivation of the submandibular gland through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. J. Cell Physiol. 2020, 235, 232–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tossetta, G.; Marzioni, D. Natural and synthetic compounds in Ovarian Cancer: A focus on NRF2/KEAP1 pathway. Pharmacol. Res. 2022, 183, 106365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tossetta, G.; Fantone, S.; Piani, F.; Crescimanno, C.; Ciavattini, A.; Giannubilo, S.R.; Marzioni, D. Modulation of NRF2/KEAP1 Signaling in Preeclampsia. Cells 2023, 12, 1545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uruno, A.; Yagishita, Y.; Yamamoto, M. The Keap1-Nrf2 system and diabetes mellitus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2015, 566, 76–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baird, L.; Yamamoto, M. The Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the KEAP1-NRF2 Pathway. Mol. Cell Biol. 2020, 40, e00473-20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kasai, S.; Shimizu, S.; Tatara, Y.; Mimura, J.; Itoh, K. Regulation of Nrf2 by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Physiology and Pathology. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, P.; Hou, Y.; Chen, Y.; Yang, B.; Fu, J.; Zheng, H.; Yarborough, K.; Woods, C.G.; Liu, D.; Yamamoto, M.; et al. Adipose deficiency of Nrf2 in ob/ob mice results in severe metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2013, 62, 845–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Stefano, A.; Caporali, S.; Di Daniele, N.; Rovella, V.; Cardillo, C.; Schinzari, F.; Minieri, M.; Pieri, M.; Candi, E.; Bernardini, S.; et al. Anti-Inflammatory and Proliferative Properties of Luteolin-7-O-Glucoside. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, W.; Wang, L.; Zhang, J. Peanut Shell Extract and Luteolin Regulate Lipid Metabolism and Induce Browning in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Foods 2022, 11, 2696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deng, X.; Lin, N.; Fu, J.; Xu, L.; Luo, H.; Jin, Y.; Liu, Y.; Sun, L.; Su, J. The Nrf2/PGC1α Pathway Regulates Antioxidant and Proteasomal Activity to Alter Cisplatin Sensitivity in Ovarian Cancer. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2020, 2020, 4830418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, F.J.; Xie, H.; Zhang, C.Y.; Qin, H.F.; Zeng, X.W.; Lou, H.; Zhang, L.; Xu, G.T.; Zhang, J.F.; Xu, G.X. Is Iba-1 protein expression a sensitive marker for microglia activation in experimental diabetic retinopathy? Int. J. Ophthalmol. 2021, 14, 200–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vargas-Soria, M.; García-Alloza, M.; Corraliza-Gómez, M. Effects of diabetes on microglial physiology: A systematic review of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies. J. Neuroinflamm. 2023, 20, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kenkhuis, B.; Somarakis, A.; Kleindouwel, L.R.; van Roon-Mom, W.M.; Höllt, T.; van der Weerd, L. Co-expression patterns of microglia markers Iba1, TMEM119 and P2RY12 in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2022, 167, 105684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mikkelsen, H.B.; Huizinga, J.D.; Larsen, J.O.; Kirkeby, S. Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 positive macrophages and HO-1 up-regulation in intestinal muscularis resident macrophages. Anat. Rec. 2017, 300, 1114–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ait Ahmed, Y.; Lafdil, F.; Tacke, F. Ambiguous Pathogenic Roles of Macrophages in Alcohol-Associated Liver Diseases. Hepat. Med. 2023, 15, 113–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castillo-Armengol, J.; Fajas, L.; Lopez-Mejia, I.C. Inter-organ communication: A gatekeeper for metabolic health. EMBO Rep. 2019, 20, e47903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, T.H.-Y.; Cheng, K.K.-Y.; Hoo, R.L.-C.; Siu, P.M.-F.; Yau, S.-Y. The Novel Perspectives of Adipokines on Brain Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parimisetty, A.; Dorsemans, A.-C.; Awada, R.; Ravanan, P.; Diotel, N.; D’hellencourt, C.L. Secret talk between adipose tissue and central nervous system via secreted factors—An emerging frontier in the neurodegenerative research. J. Neuroinflamm. 2016, 13, 67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- El Manaa, W.; Duplan, E.; Goiran, T.; Lauritzen, I.; Beuchot, L.V.; Lacas-Gervais, S.; Morais, V.A.; You, H.; Qi, L.; Salazar, M.; et al. Transcription- and phosphorylation-dependent control of a functional interplay between XBP1s and PINK1 governs mitophagy and potentially impacts Parkinson disease pathophysiology. Autophagy 2021, 17, 4363–4385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hytti, M.; Piippo, N.; Korhonen, E.; Honkakoski, P.; Kaarniranta, K.; Kauppinen, A. Fisetin and luteolin protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and regulate inflammation. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 17645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seibert, H.; Maser, E.; Schweda, K.; Seibert, S.; Gülden, M. Cytoprotective activity against peroxide-induced oxidative damage and cytotoxicity of flavonoids in C6 rat glioma cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49, 2398–2407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abbasi, N.; Akhavan, M.M.; Rahbar-Roshandel, N.; Shafiei, M. The effects of low and high concentrations of luteolin on cultured human endothelial cells under normal and glucotoxic conditions: Involvement of integrin-linked kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Phytother. Res. 2014, 28, 1301–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saeedan, A.S.; Soliman, G.A.; Abdel-Rahman, R.F.; Abd-Elsalam, R.M.; Ogaly, H.A.; Foudah, A.I.; Abdel-Kader, M.S. Artemisia judaica L. diminishes diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction in male rats via activation of Nrf2/HO-1-mediated antioxidant responses. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 1713–1722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, L.; Ma, Q.; Zhou, Y. Strawberry Leaf Extract Treatment Alleviates Cognitive Impairment by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Rats With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2020, 12, 201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shivarudrappa, A.H.; Ponesakki, G. Lutein reverses hyperglycemia-mediated blockage of Nrf2 translocation by modulating the activation of intracellular protein kinases in retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. J. Cell Commun. Signal. 2020, 14, 207–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Deshmukh, H.; Santos, J.M.; Bender, M.; Dufour, J.M.; Lovett, J.; Shen, C.-L. Peanut Shell Extract Improves Mitochondrial Function in db/db Mice via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16131977
Deshmukh H, Santos JM, Bender M, Dufour JM, Lovett J, Shen C-L. Peanut Shell Extract Improves Mitochondrial Function in db/db Mice via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2024; 16(13):1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16131977
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeshmukh, Hemalata, Julianna M. Santos, Matthew Bender, Jannette M. Dufour, Jacob Lovett, and Chwan-Li Shen. 2024. "Peanut Shell Extract Improves Mitochondrial Function in db/db Mice via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation" Nutrients 16, no. 13: 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16131977
APA StyleDeshmukh, H., Santos, J. M., Bender, M., Dufour, J. M., Lovett, J., & Shen, C. -L. (2024). Peanut Shell Extract Improves Mitochondrial Function in db/db Mice via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Nutrients, 16(13), 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16131977