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Nutrients
Volume 14
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10.3390/nu14245280
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Article

Association between Adherence to the Healthy Food Pyramid and Breast Milk Fatty Acids in the First Month of Lactation

by
David Ramiro-Cortijo
1,2,
Gloria Herranz Carrillo
3,
Andrea Gila-Diaz
1,
Santiago Ruvira
1,
Pratibha Singh
2,
Cheyenne Braojos
4,
Camilia R. Martin
5 and
Silvia M. Arribas
1,*
1
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain
2
Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
3
Division of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), C/ del Profesor Martin Lagos, S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
4
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
5
Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5280; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245280
Submission received: 25 October 2022 / Revised: 13 November 2022 / Accepted: 8 December 2022 / Published: 11 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intravenous Feeding in Infants and Children)
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Abstract

In lactating women, breast milk (BM) fatty acids may come from the diet or stored adipose tissue. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of the adherence to the healthy food pyramid (HFP), the dietary pattern in the Mediterranean region, and the maternal body composition on the BM fatty acids pattern. Fifty breastfeeding women answered a socioeconomic survey and the adherence to the HFP questionnaire (AP-Q). In addition, they provided a BM sample at 7 ± 1, 14 ± 1, and 28 ± 1 days postpartum. The body’s composition was analyzed at days 7 and 28 by bioimpedance. The BM fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. We found a negative association between the consumption of olive oil and the BM palmitic acid levels (β = −3.19 ± 1.40; p = 0.030), and the intake of cereals and legumes was positively associated with the BM saturated fatty acids (β = 11.48 ± 3.87; p = 0.005). The intake of proteins and vegetables was positively associated with the omega-3 fatty acids and negatively with the omega-6:omega-3 ratio in BM. A negative association between the maternal age (β = −0.43 ± 0.11; p = 0.001) and the α-linolenic acid (ALA) levels was observed, being overall AP-Q positively associated with the ALA levels (β = 0.39 ± 0.15; p = 0.016). Physical activity reduced both the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in BM. Diet had a larger influence than the maternal body’s composition on BM fatty acids during the first month of lactation, demonstrating a better adherence to the HFP and positively impacting on the omega-3 content in BM, a fact that is modulated by one’s maternal age.
Keywords: long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; oleic acid; palmitic acid; healthy food pyramid; breastfeeding long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; oleic acid; palmitic acid; healthy food pyramid; breastfeeding

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramiro-Cortijo, D.; Herranz Carrillo, G.; Gila-Diaz, A.; Ruvira, S.; Singh, P.; Braojos, C.; Martin, C.R.; Arribas, S.M. Association between Adherence to the Healthy Food Pyramid and Breast Milk Fatty Acids in the First Month of Lactation. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5280. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245280

AMA Style

Ramiro-Cortijo D, Herranz Carrillo G, Gila-Diaz A, Ruvira S, Singh P, Braojos C, Martin CR, Arribas SM. Association between Adherence to the Healthy Food Pyramid and Breast Milk Fatty Acids in the First Month of Lactation. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5280. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245280

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramiro-Cortijo, David, Gloria Herranz Carrillo, Andrea Gila-Diaz, Santiago Ruvira, Pratibha Singh, Cheyenne Braojos, Camilia R. Martin, and Silvia M. Arribas. 2022. "Association between Adherence to the Healthy Food Pyramid and Breast Milk Fatty Acids in the First Month of Lactation" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5280. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245280

APA Style

Ramiro-Cortijo, D., Herranz Carrillo, G., Gila-Diaz, A., Ruvira, S., Singh, P., Braojos, C., Martin, C. R., & Arribas, S. M. (2022). Association between Adherence to the Healthy Food Pyramid and Breast Milk Fatty Acids in the First Month of Lactation. Nutrients, 14(24), 5280. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245280

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