Attenuating Effect of Peruvian Cocoa Populations on the Acute Asthmatic Response in Brown Norway Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cocoa Population Characterization
2.1.1. Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
2.1.2. Methylxanthine Quantification
2.2. Animals
2.3. In vitro Study
2.3.1. Peritoneal Macrophages and Lymphocytes Culture
2.3.2. Radical Oxygen Species (ROS) Production
2.3.3. M1 and M2 Characterization
2.3.4. IgG and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α Quantification by ELISA
2.4. In vivo Study
2.4.1. Diets and Animal Groups
2.4.2. Sensitization and Induction of an Anaphylactic Response
2.4.3. Body Temperature Monitoring
2.4.4. Motor Activity Assessment
2.4.5. Sample Collection
2.4.6. Quantification of Plasma Rat Mast Cell Protease II
2.4.7. Antibody Quantification
2.4.8. Quantification of Cysteinyl Leukotriene (CysLT)
2.4.9. Urine Polyphenols
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cocoa Peruvian Populations Characterization
3.2. In Vitro Effects of Cocoa Peruvian Populations
3.2.1. Effects on Spleen Cells
3.2.2. Effects on Macrophages
3.3. In Vivo Effects of Cocoa Peruvian Populations
3.3.1. Body Weight and Food and Water Intake
3.3.2. Content of Polyphenols in Urine
3.3.3. Changes in Body Temperature After i.n. Challenge
3.3.4. Changes in Motor Activity After i.n. Challenge
3.3.5. Changes in Body Weight After i.n. Challenge
3.3.6. Rat Mast Cell Protease II (RMCPII)
3.3.7. IgE Antibodies
3.3.8. Leukotrienes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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OC | BPC | APC | CMC | CCC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total phenolics (mg gallic acid equivalents/g) | 24.11 ± 1.15 ab | 21.07 ± 0.98 a | 28.69 ± 0.80 c | 30.44 ± 0.56 d | 25.30 ± 0.38 b |
Total flavonoids (mg catechin equivalents/g) | 34.82 ± 1.01 a | 36.59 ± 0.98 a | 50.35 ± 0.95 b | 56.62 ± 1.12 c | 45.60 ± 1.26 d |
Theobromine (mg/100 g) | 560.75 ± 0.45 a | 491.39 ± 0.93 b | 564.71 ± 0.37 a | 604.19 ± 0.28 d | 573.36 ± 0.30 e |
Theophylline (mg/100 g) | 1.41 ± 0.00 a | 1.37 ± 0.00 b | 1.40 ± 0.00 c | 1.39 ± 0.00 d | 1.54 ± 0.00 e |
Caffeine (mg/100 g) | 236.35 ± 0.06 a | 280.74 ± 0.56 b | 275.10 ± 0.11c | 360.53 ± 0.27 d | 324.55 ± 0.15 e |
FRAP activity (µmol Fe2+/g) | 275.29 ± 12.28 ab | 261.39 ± 14.15 a | 344.31 ± 11.80 c | 309.55 ± 6.7 b | 308.32 ± 4.79 b |
DPPH activity (µg TEAC/g) | 25.36 ± 0.24 ab | 19.62 ± 0.38 c | 29.77 ± 0.70 a | 25.38 ± 0.94 bd | 24.39 ± 0.07 d |
Time (days) | REF | A | OC | APC | CMC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−7 | 57.01 ± 5.04 | 57.52 ± 3.32 | 56.43 ± 3.59 | 56.46 ± 3.54 | 56.97 ± 2.63 |
−3 | 67.38 ± 5.37 | 68.60 ± 3.57 | 65.37 ± 3.86 | 64.84 ± 3.80 | 64.03 ± 2.90 |
0 a | 75.96 ± 5.37 | 76.97 ± 3.55 | 72.44 ± 3.79 | 72.66 ± 4.03 | 71.91 ± 2.79 |
4 | 85.07 ± 4.80 | 84.76 ± 3.10 | 79.31 ± 3.65 | 79.21 ± 3.80 | 78.47 ± 2.59 |
7 b | 91.57 ± 4.66 | 91.33 ± 3.57 | 82.73 ± 3.50 | 85.10 ± 3.94 | 84.48 ± 2.72 |
11 | 98.29 ± 5.52 | 93.70 ± 3.76 | 88.29 ± 3.34 | 89.31 ± 3.99 | 89.43 ± 2.67 |
14 | 104.03 ± 4.66 | 99.94 ± 3.74 | 94.59 ± 4.16 | 94.96 ± 4.28 | 94.07 ± 2.82 |
18 | 109.49 ± 4.88 | 105.90 ± 3.62 | 97.99 ± 4.68 | 97.98 ± 4.15 | 99.27 ± 2.92 |
21 | 115.80 ± 4.86 | 112.00 ± 3.72 | 104.26 ± 4.58 | 104.24 ± 4.49 | 105.77 ± 2.89 |
25 | 118.29 ± 5.58 | 115.68 ± 3.62 | 107.66 ± 4.93 | 108.10 ± 4.39 | 107.65 ± 2.52 |
28 | 123.73 ± 5.16 | 118.09 ± 2.46 | 109.46 ± 4.52 | 111.95 ± 4.03 | 112.97 ± 2.71 |
Time (h) | REF | A | OC | APC | CMC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−2 to 0 | 37.7 ± 0.11 | 37.6 ± 0.10 | 37.8 ± 0.18 | 37.9 ± 0.18 | 37.7 ± 0.13 |
0 to 2 | 37.1 ± 0.61 | 36.7 ± 0.29 * | 37.1 ± 0.19 | 36.1 ± 0.44 * | 36.2 ± 0.33 * |
2 to 4 | 36.7 ± 0.51 *,a | 35.1 ± 0.58 *,b | 36.2 ± 0.24 *,a | 35.3 ± 0.68 *,a | 35.8 ± 0.32 *,a |
4 to 6 | 37.5 ± 0.14 *,a | 35.5 ± 0.41 *,b | 36.2 ± 0.37 *,b | 35.6 ± 0.44 *,b | 36.1 ± 0.43 *,b |
6 to 8 | 37.7 ± 0.11 a | 36.2 ± 0.23 *,b | 36.5 ± 0.44 *,b | 36.1 ± 0.28 *,b | 36.3 ± 0.39 *,b |
8 to 10 | 37.9 ± 0.11 a | 36.6 ± 0.17 *,b | 36.4 ± 0.58 b | 36.4 ± 0.36 *,b | 36.7 ± 0.37 *,b |
10 to 12 | 38.0 ± 0.09 a | 36.9 ± 0.18 *,b | 36.9 ± 0.50 a | 36.5 ± 0.40 *,b | 36.8 ± 0.39 b |
12 to 14 | 37.9 ± 0.12 a | 37.1 ± 0.18 *,b | 37.0 ± 0.52 a | 36.8 ± 0.30 *,b | 36.9 ± 0.38 b |
14 to 16 | 38.1 ± 0.09 a | 37.2 ± 0.12 *,b | 37.1 ± 0.60 a | 37.2 ± 0.25 *,b | 37.0 ± 0.40 b |
16 to 18 | 38.0 ± 0.14 a | 37.3 ± 0.18 *,b | 37.2 ± 0.64 a | 37.4 ± 0.24 a | 37.4 ± 0.27 a |
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Périz, M.; Pérez-Cano, F.J.; Cambras, T.; Franch, À.; Best, I.; Pastor-Soplin, S.; Castell, M.; Massot-Cladera, M. Attenuating Effect of Peruvian Cocoa Populations on the Acute Asthmatic Response in Brown Norway Rats. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082301
Périz M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Cambras T, Franch À, Best I, Pastor-Soplin S, Castell M, Massot-Cladera M. Attenuating Effect of Peruvian Cocoa Populations on the Acute Asthmatic Response in Brown Norway Rats. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082301
Chicago/Turabian StylePériz, Marta, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano, Trinitat Cambras, Àngels Franch, Ivan Best, Santiago Pastor-Soplin, Margarida Castell, and Malén Massot-Cladera. 2020. "Attenuating Effect of Peruvian Cocoa Populations on the Acute Asthmatic Response in Brown Norway Rats" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082301