Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Semantic Assessment
2.2. Internal Consistency and Reproducibility of CaffEQ-BR
2.3. Brazilian Nationwide Application of CaffEQ-BR
2.3.1. Sociodemographic and Health Data
2.3.2. Caffeine Consumption
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Translation, Cultural Adaptation, Semantic Evaluation, and Content Validation
3.2. Reproducibility and Internal Consistency of the CaffEQ-BR
3.3. Brazilian Nationwide Application of the CaffEQ-BR
3.3.1. Participants
3.3.2. Caffeine Consumption
3.3.3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Associations of the CaffEQ-BR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Itens | Muito Improvável | Improvável | Um Pouco Improvável | Um Pouco Provável | Provável | Muito Provável |
1. Cafeína/café me dá ânimo quando estou cansado | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
2. Eu fico extrovertido quando tomo cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
3. Cafeína/café me ajuda a não comer mais do que deveria | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
4. Fico facilmente estressado depois de tomar cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
5. Cafeína/café melhora meu desempenho físico | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
6. Fico menos cansado depois de tomar cafeína | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
7. A cafeína/café tira minha fome | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
8. Fico triste quando não tomo cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
9. Cafeína/café melhora meu humor | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
10. Eu fico ansioso quando não tomo cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
11. Eu me sinto angustiado quando tomo cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
12. Eu me exercito melhor depois de tomar cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
13. Eu sinto muita falta de cafeína/café quando não tomo | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
14. Eu não gosto do jeito que eu me sinto após tomar cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
15. Eu me sinto mal se ficar sem cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
16. Cafeína/café aumenta minha motivação para trabalhar | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
17. Eu me sinto mais confiante depois de tomar cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
18. Tomar cafeína/café a qualquer hora do dia atrapalha o meu sono | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
19. Quando tomo cafeína/café fico nervoso(a) | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
20. Quando tomo cafeína/café fico mais alerta | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
21. Mesmo quando tomo uma pequena quantidade de cafeína/café fico ansioso | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
22. Cafeína/café melhora minha concentração | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
23. Quando tomo cafeína/café fico mais amigável | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
24. Eu tenho que tomar cafeína/café todos os dias | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
25. Cafeína/café me faz suar | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
26. Cafeína/café me faz pular refeições | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
27. Tenho muita vontade de tomar cafeína/café se não tiver tomado a quantidade de sempre | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
28. Tomar cafeína/café na hora de dormir atrapalha meu sono | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
29. Cafeína/café me deixa irritado | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
30. Eu desejo cafeína/café o tempo todo | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
31. Cafeína/café me ajuda a trabalhar por mais tempo | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
32. Cafeína/café me faz sentir feliz | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
33. Eu não funciono sem tomar cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
34. Quando tomo cafeína/café meu coração acelera | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
35. Eu tenho dificuldade em começar o dia sem tomar cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
36. Sinto dor de estômago quando tomo cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
37. Eu não conseguiria parar de tomar cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
38. Tomar cafeína/café no final da tarde atrapalha o meu sono | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
39. Cafeína/café me ajuda a regular o peso | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
40. Quanto não tomo cafeína/café sinto dor de cabeça | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
41. Cafeína/café melhora minha atenção | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
42. Eu fico mais extrovertido(a) quando tomo cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
43. Cafeína/café me ajuda a me exercitar por mais tempo | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
44. Sinto-me mais disposto quando tomo cafeína/café | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
45. Cafeína/café me faz sentir com mais energia | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
46. Cafeína/café diminui o meu apetite | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
47. Tomar cafeína/café no final do dia não me deixa dormir | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
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Factors | N. Items | Internal Consistency Cronbach Alpha (95% CI) | Reproducibility Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Withdrawal/dependence | 12 | 0.948 (0.923–0.968) | 0.983 (0.969–0.991) |
Energy/work enhancement | 8 | 0.926 (0.888–0.923) | 0.953 (0.912–0.975) |
Appetite suppression | 5 | 0.872 (0.802–0.923) | 0.951 (0.903–0.974) |
Social/mood enhancement | 6 | 0.889 (0.829–0.932) | 0.949 (0.900–0.973) |
Physical performance enhancement | 3 | 0.924 (0.875–0.956) | 0.965 (0.936–0.981) |
Anxiety/negative physical effects | 9 | 0.872 (0.807–0.921) | 0.953 (0.907–0.976) |
Sleep disturbance | 4 | 0.941 (0.907–0.965) | 0.970 (0.945–0.983) |
Overall | 47 | 0.948 (0.923–0.967) | 0.976 (0.935–0.989) |
Categories | Total (n = 4202) | ||
---|---|---|---|
n | % | ||
Gender | Male | 2063 | 49.1 |
Female | 2139 | 50.9 | |
Age | 19–24 | 822 | 19.5 |
25–30 | 755 | 18.0 | |
31–40 | 1331 | 31.7 | |
41–59 | 1294 | 30.8 | |
Body Mass Index * (kg/m²) | <18.5 | 106 | 2.5 |
18.5–24.9 | 1751 | 41.7 | |
25–29.9 | 1498 | 35.6 | |
≥30 | 847 | 20.2 | |
Self-Identified ethnicity | Asia descendants | 114 | 2.7 |
White | 2328 | 55.4 | |
Indigenous | 41 | 1.0 | |
Pardo | 1330 | 31.6 | |
Black | 309 | 7.4 | |
Without description | 80 | 1.9 | |
Physical Exercises ≥ 150 min/week | No | 1924 | 45.8 |
Yes | 2278 | 54.2 | |
Educational Level | No schooling | 3 | 0.1 |
Incomplete elementary school | 17 | 0.4 | |
Completed elementary school | 37 | 0.9 | |
Incomplete high school | 101 | 2.4 | |
Completed high school | 596 | 14.2 | |
Incomplete higher education | 955 | 22.7 | |
Higher education graduate | 1162 | 27.6 | |
Postgraduate studies | 1315 | 31.3 | |
Without description | 16 | 0.4 | |
Monthly Income (BRL) ** | 1000.00 | 407 | 9.7 |
1000.01 to 2000.00 | 769 | 18.3 | |
2000.01 to 3000.00 | 669 | 15.9 | |
3000.01 to 5000.00 | 865 | 20.6 | |
5000.01 to 10,000.00 | 796 | 18.9 | |
Above 10,000.00 | 575 | 13.7 | |
Without description | 121 | 2.9 | |
Self-Reported Chronic Diseases | No | 3397 | 80.8 |
Yes | 805 | 19.2 |
Caffeine Sources ¹ | Coffee 2 | Tea 3 | Chocolate 4 | Chocolate Beverages 5 | Soft Drinks 6 | Medication 7 | Energy Drinks 8 | Sports Supplements 9 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
Time of the Day | Early morning (00:00–06:00) | 202 | 4.8% | 79 | 1.9% | 153 | 3.6% | 70 | 1.7% | 149 | 3.5% | 115 | 2.7% | 109 | 2.6% | 19 | 0.5% |
Morning (06:00–12:00) | 3853 | 91.7% | 503 | 12.0% | 644 | 15.3% | 653 | 15.5% | 362 | 8.6% | 505 | 12.0% | 188 | 4.5% | 333 | 7.9% | |
Afternoon (12:00–18:00) | 2829 | 67.3% | 686 | 16.3% | 1594 | 37.9% | 523 | 12.4% | 1361 | 32.4% | 396 | 9.4% | 324 | 7.7% | 206 | 4.9% | |
Evening (18:00–24:00) | 1508 | 35.9% | 878 | 20.9% | 1291 | 30.7% | 563 | 13.4% | 1058 | 25.2% | 699 | 16.6% | 348 | 8.3% | 122 | 2.9% | |
N° of Servings Per Day | 1 | 971 | 23.1% | 1178 | 28.0% | 1647 | 39.2% | 908 | 21.6% | 985 | 23.4% | 824 | 19.6% | 530 | 12.6% | 463 | 11.0% |
2 | 1958 | 46.6% | 322 | 7.7% | 537 | 12.8% | 273 | 6.5% | 543 | 12.9% | 209 | 5.0% | 141 | 3.4% | 78 | 1.9% | |
3 | 983 | 23.4% | 92 | 2.2% | 235 | 5.6% | 89 | 2.1% | 209 | 5.0% | 111 | 2.6% | 43 | 1.0% | 19 | 0.5% | |
4 | 139 | 3.3% | 12 | 0.3% | 64 | 1.5% | 22 | 0.5% | 58 | 1.4% | 35 | 0.8% | 7 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.0% | |
Total Recorded | 4051 | 96.4% | 1604 | 38.2% | 2483 | 59.1% | 1292 | 30.7% | 1795 | 42.7% | 1179 | 28.1% | 721 | 17.2% | 561 | 13.4% |
Sources | Factors of the CaffEQ-BR * | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | |
Caffeine ** (mg/day) | 0.085 *** | 0.102 *** | 0.081 *** | 0.141 *** | 0.097 *** | 0.095 *** | −0.074 *** |
Regions ** | Factors of the CaffEQ-BR * Mean (SD) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | |
North | 3.48 (1.49) | 4.16 (1.37) | 2.21 (1.15) | 3.56 (1.45) | 3.49 (1.55) | 1.78 (0.69) | 2.51 (1.60) |
Northeast | 3.44 (1.41) | 4.15 (1.31) | 2.24 (1.14) | 3.44 (1.38) | 3.55 (1.53) | 1.81 (0.77) | 2.45 (1.58) |
Midwest | 3.34 (1.39) | 4.08 (1.32) | 2.13 (1.14) | 3.25 (1.34) | 3.50 (1.53) | 1.85 (0.82) | 2.62 (1.69) |
Southeast | 3.60 (1.45) | 4.17 (1.33) | 2.26 (1.18) | 3.41 (1.38) | 3.47 (1.49) | 1.75 (0.75) | 2.44 (1.62) |
South | 3.47 (1.43) | 4.08 (1.30) | 2.36 (1.24) | 3.42 (1.34) | 3.24 (1.48) | 1.74 (0.75) | 2.36 (1.57) |
Brazil | 3.48 (1.43) | 4.14 (1.32) | 2.24 (1.17) | 3.41 (1.38) | 3.47 (1.51) | 1.78 (0.77) | 2.47 (1.62) |
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Mendes, G.F.; Reis, C.E.G.; Nakano, E.Y.; da Costa, T.H.M.; Saunders, B.; Zandonadi, R.P. Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR). Nutrients 2020, 12, 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082248
Mendes GF, Reis CEG, Nakano EY, da Costa THM, Saunders B, Zandonadi RP. Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR). Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082248
Chicago/Turabian StyleMendes, Guilherme Falcão, Caio Eduardo Gonçalves Reis, Eduardo Yoshio Nakano, Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa, Bryan Saunders, and Renata Puppin Zandonadi. 2020. "Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR)" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082248
APA StyleMendes, G. F., Reis, C. E. G., Nakano, E. Y., da Costa, T. H. M., Saunders, B., & Zandonadi, R. P. (2020). Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR). Nutrients, 12(8), 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082248