A Posteriori Dietary Patterns and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity: A Beneficial Role of Vegetable and Animal Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Factorability of the Original Matrix
2.3.2. Dietary Pattern Identification: Principal Component Factor Analysis
2.3.3. Reproducibility, Reliability, and Validity of Dietary Patterns
2.3.4. Risk Estimates
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient | Dietary Patterns | COMM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-Oxidant Vitamins and Fiber | Starch-Rich | VUFA 2 | AUFA 2 | Animal Products | ||
Total protein | −0.39 | 0.74 | −0.19 | 0.25 | −0.38 | 0.95 |
Cholesterol | −0.21 | 0.35 | - | 0.32 | −0.80 | 0.90 |
Saturated fatty acids | −0.22 | 0.37 | −0.21 | - | −0.83 | 0.92 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | −0.17 | 0.41 | −0.62 | 0.11 | −0.56 | 0.90 |
Linoleic acid | - | 0.31 | −0.87 | - | −0.21 | 0.91 |
Linolenic acid | −0.18 | 0.16 | −0.85 | - | −0.18 | 0.82 |
Arachidonic acid | −0.13 | 0.23 | - | 0.47 | −0.37 | 0.42 |
EPA 2 | −0.14 | - | −0.11 | 0.95 | - | 0.94 |
DHA 2 | −0.13 | - | −0.11 | 0.95 | - | 0.95 |
Soluble carbohydrates | −0.78 | 0.27 | −0.22 | - | −0.26 | 0.81 |
Starch | - | 0.81 | - | - | −0.14 | 0.69 |
Sodium | - | 0.69 | −0.15 | - | −0.36 | 0.63 |
Calcium | −0.56 | 0.41 | −0.13 | - | −0.57 | 0.83 |
Potassium | −0.80 | 0.40 | −0.30 | 0.20 | −0.18 | 0.96 |
Phosphorus | −0.49 | 0.66 | −0.26 | 0.18 | −0.38 | 0.93 |
Iron | −0.59 | 0.65 | −0.31 | 0.19 | −0.12 | 0.92 |
Zinc | −0.49 | 0.64 | −0.25 | 0.18 | −0.28 | 0.83 |
Magnesium | −0.57 | 0.68 | −0.36 | 0.13 | - | 0.93 |
Copper | −0.53 | 0.61 | −0.49 | 0.23 | - | 0.95 |
Selenium | −0.14 | 0.89 | - | 0.12 | −0.14 | 0.85 |
Thiamin (vitamin B1) | −0.46 | 0.67 | −0.30 | 0.15 | −0.17 | 0.80 |
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) | −0.56 | 0.53 | −0.21 | 0.10 | −0.36 | 0.78 |
Niacin | −0.42 | 0.74 | −0.20 | 0.34 | −0.12 | 0.89 |
Vitamin C | −0.92 | - | −0.15 | 0.15 | - | 0.91 |
Vitamin A—RAE | −0.81 | 0.15 | −0.15 | 0.14 | −0.32 | 0.81 |
Vitamin D | −0.13 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.93 | −0.10 | 0.92 |
Vitamin E | −0.50 | 0.29 | −0.65 | 0.12 | −0.19 | 0.80 |
Soluble Fiber | −0.78 | 0.36 | −0.17 | - | - | 0.78 |
Insoluble Fiber | −0.76 | 0.39 | −0.24 | 0.15 | - | 0.82 |
Lignans | −0.79 | - | - | - | −0.11 | 0.65 |
Flavonoids | −0.68 | - | −0.21 | 0.15 | - | 0.53 |
Phenolic acids | −0.27 | - | −0.44 | - | 0.21 | 0.31 |
Tyrosols | −0.14 | - | −0.37 | 0.26 | - | 0.23 |
Proportion of explained VAR (%) | 25.05 | 22.12 | 11.76 | 11.07 | 9.85 | |
Cumulative explained VAR (%) | 25.05 | 47.17 | 58.93 | 70.00 | 79.85 |
Food Group | Anti-Oxidant Vitamins and Fiber | Starch-Rich | VUFA 2 | AUFA 2 | Animal Products |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red meat | - | 0.18 | - | 0.20 | 0.38 |
White meat | - | 0.10 | - | 0.16 | 0.20 |
Lean fish | - | - | 0.11 | 0.60 | - |
Fatty fish | - | - | 0.14 | 0.70 | - |
Seafood | - | - | - | 0.29 | - |
Eggs | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | - | 0.14 |
Sweets | - | 0.23 | 0.15 | -0.11 | 0.34 |
Snacks | - | 0.17 | 0.18 | - | 0.22 |
Dried fruit | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.13 | - |
Nuts | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.76 | 0.15 | - |
Olive oil and olives | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 0.17 | - |
Seed oil | - | - | 0.18 | - | - |
Leafy vegetables | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.15 | - |
Cabbages | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.18 | - |
Legumes | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.24 | - |
Onion and garlic | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.18 | - |
Mushrooms | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
Other Vegetables | 0.53 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.15 | - |
Soy products | - | - | 0.19 | 0.10 | - |
Fruit, all seasons | 0.66 | 0.14 | 0.18 | - | - |
Fruit, winter season | 0.72 | - | - | - | 0.13 |
Fruit, summer season | 0.67 | 0.11 | 0.23 | - | 0.10 |
Tea and herbal tea | 0.25 | - | 0.18 | 0.13 | - |
Coffee | - | 0.22 | - | - | - |
Alcoholic beverages | - | - | 0.14 | - | - |
Soft drinks | - | - | - | - | 0.23 |
Refined grains | - | 0.76 | - | −0.13 | 0.14 |
Potatoes | - | 0.30 | 0.16 | - | 0.25 |
Whole grains | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.14 | - | - |
Butter and margarine | - | - | - | - | 0.34 |
Milk and yogurt | 0.16 | 0.23 | - | - | 0.37 |
Hard cheese | 0.20 | 0.10 | - | - | 0.61 |
Soft cheese | 0.19 | 0.23 | - | - | 0.45 |
Overall Analysis | FR and/or ACPA Positivity | Disease Duration > 15 Years | ||||
Logistic Regression | ||||||
Tertile | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | phetero 3 | OR (95% CI) | phetero 3 | |
Anti-oxidant vitamins and fiber | Q1–Q2 | 1.52 (0.81–2.84) | 2.59 (1.00–6.70) | 0.92 (0.30–2.85) | ||
≤Q1 | 1.74 (0.91–3.31) | 2.21 (0.86–5.69) | 0.50 | 1.05 (0.34–3.27) | 1.00 | |
Starch-rich | Q1–Q2 | 0.76 (0.40–1.42) | 0.72 (0.30–1.72) | 0.45 (0.14–1.47) | ||
>Q2 | 0.82 (0.44–1.56) | 1.08 (0.44–2.67) | 0.70 | 0.54 (0.19–1.56) | 0.21 | |
VUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | 0.51 (0.27–0.95) | 0.39 (0.16–0.92) | 0.18 (0.05–0.58) | ||
≤Q1 | 0.39 (0.21–0.74) | 0.18 (0.07–0.46) | 0.13 | 0.10 (0.03–0.36) | 0.11 | |
AUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | 0.73 (0.39–1.38) | 0.53 (0.22–1.30) | 0.67 (0.21–2.12) | ||
>Q2 | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | 0.33 (0.13–0.82) | 0.16 | 0.29 (0.09–0.92) | 0.69 | |
Animal products | Q1–Q2 | 0.80 (0.42–1.53) | 0.96 (0.39–2.37) | 0.68 (0.23–2.08) | ||
≤Q1 | 0.81 (0.44–1.50) | 0.73 (0.31–1.71) | 0.93 | 1.17 (0.40–3.43) | 0.39 | |
Robust Linear Regression5 | ||||||
Tertile | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | phetero3 | Beta (SE) | phetero3 | |
Anti-oxidant vitamins and fiber | Q1–Q2 | 013 (0.14) | 0.34 (0.20) * | 0.05 (0.25) | ||
≤Q1 | 0.22 (0.14) | 0.37 (0.20) * | 0.42 | 0.02 (0.25) | 1.00 | |
Starch-rich | Q1–Q2 | −0.12 (0.14) | −0.05 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.25) | ||
>Q2 | −0.09 (0.14) | 0.01 (0.20) | 0.87 | −0.09 (0.23) | 0.81 | |
VUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | −0.32 (0.14) ** | −0.36 (0.19) * | −0.65 (0.24) *** | ||
≤Q1 | −0.36 (0.14) *** | −0.53 (0.19) *** | 0.78 | −0.81 (0.25) *** | 0.22 | |
AUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | −0.25 (0.14) * | −0.56 (0.19) *** | −0.54 (0.25) ** | ||
>Q2 | −0.25 (0.14) * | −0.53 (0.20) *** | 0.11 | −0.71 (0.24) *** | 0.25 | |
Animal products | Q1–Q2 | −0.13 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.20) | −0.22 (0.25) | ||
≤Q1 | −0.07 (0.14) | −0.12 (0.19) | 0.38 | 0.00 (0.24) | 0.83 |
Overall Analysis | FR and/or ACPA Positivity | Disease Duration > 15 Years | ||||
Logistic Regression | ||||||
Tertile | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | phetero 3 | OR (95% CI) | phetero 3 | |
Anti-oxidant vitamins and fiber | Q1–Q2 | 0.77 (0.39–1.50) | 0.91 (0.36−2.31) | 0.63 (0.17−2.34) | ||
≤Q1 | 1.24 (0.62−2.49) | 1.52 (0.57−4.01) | 0.89 | 1.16 (0.30−4.58) | 0.61 | |
Starch-rich | Q1–Q2 | 0.70 (0.35−1.39) | 0.75 (0.30−1.84) | 0.63 (0.17−2.37) | ||
>Q2 | 0.70 (0.35–1.41) | 0.83 (0.32−2.19) | 0.75 | 0.79 (0.23−2.70) | 0.87 | |
VUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | 0.75 (0.37−1.52) | 0.44 (0.16−1.18) | 0.79 (0.20−3.13) | ||
≤Q1 | 0.71 (0.36−1.40) | 0.36 (0.14−0.93) | 0.11 | 0.57 (0.15−2.23) | 0.80 | |
AUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | 0.76 (0.39−1.48) | 0.52 (0.21−1.30) | 0.27 (0.07−1.02) | ||
>Q2 | 0.82 (0.41−1.66) | 0.78 (0.29−2.15) | 0.32 | 0.44 (0.12−1.61) | 0.17 | |
Animal products | Q1–Q2 | 0.46 (0.23−0.94) | 0.87 (0.33−2.32) | 0.22 (0.05−1.00) | ||
≤Q1 | 0.53 (0.27−1.04) | 0.82 (0.33−2.08) | 0.16 | 0.34 (0.09−1.32) | 0.82 | |
Robust Linear Regression 5 | ||||||
Tertile | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | phetero 3 | Beta (SE) | phetero 3 | |
Anti-oxidant vitamins and fiber | Q1–Q2 | 0.92 (0.81) | 2.32 (1.27) * | 0.81 (1.62) | ||
≤Q1 | 0.94 (0.82) | 1.91 (1.26) | 0 | -0.18 (1.64) | 1 | |
Starch-rich | Q1–Q2 | −1.46 (0.82) * | −0.26 (1.21) | 0.22 (1.68) | ||
>Q2 | −0.88 (0.83) | −0.61 (1.26) | 1 | −0.96 (1.53) | 0 | |
VUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | −0.65 (0.81) | −1.72 (1.22) | −3.53 (1.59) ** | ||
≤Q1 | −1.27 (0.80) | −2.78 (1.22) ** | 1 | −4.60 (1.66) *** | 0 | |
AUFA 4 | Q1–Q2 | −1.01 (0.81) | −3.56 (1.22) *** | −3.09 (1.68) * | ||
>Q2 | −1.08 (0.83) | −3.85 (1.27) *** | 0 | −4.75 (1.61) *** | 0 | |
Animal products | Q1–Q2 | −1.51 (0.83) * | −0.65 (1.26) | −3.01 (1.63) * | ||
≤Q1 | −1.05 (0.80) | −1.30 (1.22) | 0 | −0.77 (1.59) | 0 |
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Edefonti, V.; Parpinel, M.; Ferraroni, M.; Boracchi, P.; Schioppo, T.; Scotti, I.; Ubiali, T.; Currenti, W.; De Lucia, O.; Cutolo, M.; et al. A Posteriori Dietary Patterns and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity: A Beneficial Role of Vegetable and Animal Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123856
Edefonti V, Parpinel M, Ferraroni M, Boracchi P, Schioppo T, Scotti I, Ubiali T, Currenti W, De Lucia O, Cutolo M, et al. A Posteriori Dietary Patterns and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity: A Beneficial Role of Vegetable and Animal Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123856
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdefonti, Valeria, Maria Parpinel, Monica Ferraroni, Patrizia Boracchi, Tommaso Schioppo, Isabella Scotti, Tania Ubiali, Walter Currenti, Orazio De Lucia, Maurizio Cutolo, and et al. 2020. "A Posteriori Dietary Patterns and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity: A Beneficial Role of Vegetable and Animal Unsaturated Fatty Acids" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123856