Diet Quality Affects the Association between Census-Based Neighborhood Deprivation and All-Cause Mortality in Japanese Men and Women: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Measurement of Area Deprivation
2.3. Food Frequency Questionnaire and The Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top Score
2.4. Study Subjects
2.5. Follow-up and Outcome
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area Deprivation Index | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 (Low) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (High) | |
N | 20,522 | 20,314 | 20,431 |
Area Deprivation index * | 165.8–514.3 | 514.3–589.0 | 589.1–983.3 |
Population density | 1640 (12.5) | 1067 (12.5) | 1173 (12.5) |
Age (years) † | 51.1 (7.74) | 50.8 (7.33) | 52.2 (7.92) |
Men (%) | 46.8 | 45.5 | 44.8 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) ‡, ¶ | 23.3 (0.02) | 23.5 (0.02) | 24.0 (0.02) |
Total physical activity (metabolic equivalents hours/week) ‡, ¶ | 32.9 (0.05) | 33.4 (0.05) | 33.8 (0.05) |
Current smoker (%) ¶, § | 16.8 | 15.8 | 12.2 |
Alcohol consumption ≥1 d/wk (%) ¶, § | 35.1 | 32.0 | 23.1 |
History of hypertension (%) § | 17.8 | 16.6 | 17.3 |
History of dyslipidemia (%) § | 5.5 | 4.8 | 3.2 |
History of diabetes (%) § | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.7 |
Occupation (agriculture, forestry and fishery, %) § | 13.8 | 20.4 | 26.6 |
Living alone (%) § | 2.8 | 3.4 | 4.4 |
Age- and Sex-Adjusted Mean (Standard Error) | p Trend * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area Deprivation Index | ||||
Tertile 1 (Low) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (High) | ||
Energy (kcal) | 2034 (4.1) | 2070 (4.1) | 1951 (4.1) | <0.0001 |
Nutrient intake (/1000kcal) | ||||
Total protein (g) | 36.9 (0.04) | 36.7 (0.04) | 35.1 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
Total fat (g) | 27.6 (0.05) | 27.7 (0.05) | 29.8 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
Saturated fat (g) | 8.3 (0.02) | 8.3 (0.02) | 9.2 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
Monounsaturated fat (g) | 9.5 (0.02) | 9.5 (0.02) | 10.4 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 6.4 (0.01) | 6.4 (0.01) | 6.7 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 146 (0.5) | 149 (0.5) | 143 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
Total carbohydrate (g) | 137 (0.2) | 138 (0.2) | 134 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 6.9 (0.01) | 6.7 (0.02) | 6.3 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
Calcium (mg) | 272 (0.7) | 269 (0.7) | 252 (0.7) | <0.0001 |
Sodium (mg) | 2502 (13.1) | 2452 (13.2) | 2420 (13.2) | <0.0001 |
Food intake (g) | ||||
Grains | 550.1 (1.17) | 571.9 (1.17) | 527.4 (1.17) | <0.0001 |
Potatoes | 30.1 (0.18) | 29.0 (0.18) | 24.5 (0.18) | <0.0001 |
Vegetables | 226.0 (0.99) | 227.7 (1.00) | 222.0 (0.99) | 0.005 |
Green and yellow vegetables | 102.6 (0.54) | 103.9 (0.54) | 98.4 (0.54) | <0.0001 |
Other vegetables | 123.4 (0.58) | 123.8 (0.58) | 123.6 (0.58) | 0.78 |
Pickled vegetables | 44.2 (0.29) | 41.4 (0.29) | 23.4 (0.29) | <0.0001 |
Fruit | 243.3 (1.20) | 238.2 (1.21) | 185.9 (1.20) | <0.0001 |
Mushroom | 11.5 (0.08) | 11.6 (0.08) | 8.1 (0.08) | <0.0001 |
Pulses | 89.4 (0.60) | 91.4 (0.60) | 94.0 (0.60) | <0.0001 |
Fish and shellfish | 100.8 (0.45) | 103.7 (0.45) | 81.5 (0.45) | <0.0001 |
Meat | 60.7 (0.38) | 62.4 (0.38) | 71.6 (0.38) | <0.0001 |
Eggs | 29.7 (0.22) | 31.8 (0.22) | 30.0 (0.22) | 0.24 |
Dairy products | 191.1 (1.34) | 192.0 (1.35) | 167.5 (1.35) | <0.0001 |
Coffee (≥1 cup/day, %) | 28.5 | 32.3 | 36.3 | <0.0001 |
Green tea (≥1 cup/day, %) | 71.4 | 62.9 | 45.3 | <0.0001 |
Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top score | 48.3 (0.06) | 48.5 (0.06) | 46.6 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
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Kurotani, K.; Honjo, K.; Nakaya, T.; Ikeda, A.; Mizoue, T.; Sawada, N.; Tsugane, S.; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. Diet Quality Affects the Association between Census-Based Neighborhood Deprivation and All-Cause Mortality in Japanese Men and Women: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092194
Kurotani K, Honjo K, Nakaya T, Ikeda A, Mizoue T, Sawada N, Tsugane S, Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. Diet Quality Affects the Association between Census-Based Neighborhood Deprivation and All-Cause Mortality in Japanese Men and Women: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092194
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurotani, Kayo, Kaori Honjo, Tomoki Nakaya, Ai Ikeda, Tetsuya Mizoue, Norie Sawada, Shoichiro Tsugane, and Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. 2019. "Diet Quality Affects the Association between Census-Based Neighborhood Deprivation and All-Cause Mortality in Japanese Men and Women: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study" Nutrients 11, no. 9: 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092194
APA StyleKurotani, K., Honjo, K., Nakaya, T., Ikeda, A., Mizoue, T., Sawada, N., Tsugane, S., & Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. (2019). Diet Quality Affects the Association between Census-Based Neighborhood Deprivation and All-Cause Mortality in Japanese Men and Women: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Nutrients, 11(9), 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092194