Plasma versus Erythrocyte Vitamin E in Renal Transplant Recipients, and Duality of Tocopherol Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection, and Clinical and Laboratory Measurements
2.2.1. Vitamin E in Plasma
2.2.2. Vitamin E in Erythrocytes
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Plasma and Erythrocyte α-Tocopherol, and Biological Parameters
3.3. Plasma and Erythrocyte γ-Tocopherol, and Biological Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plasma α-tocopherol | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 |
Total cholesterol | 0.68 *** | — | 0.53 *** | — | 0.49 *** | — | — |
HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | 0.10 | 0.29 *** | 0.32 *** |
Non-HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.49 *** |
LDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | 0.41 *** | — |
Triglycerides | — | 0.61 *** | 0.43 *** | — | 0.48 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.48 *** |
Total lipids | — | — | — | 0.77 *** | — | — | — |
R2 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.63 |
Erythrocytes α-tocopherol | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 |
Total cholesterol | 0.08 | — | 0.15 | — | 0.06 | — | — |
HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | 0.21 | 0.24 * | 0.24 * |
Non-HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.06 |
LDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | 0.05 | — |
Triglycerides | — | −0.17 | −0.22 * | — | −0.13 | −0.11 | −0.13 |
Total lipids | — | — | — | −0.08 | — | — | — |
R2 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Plasma γ-tocopherol | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 |
Total cholesterol | 0.20 * | — | 0.08 | — | 0.10 | — | — |
HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | –0.05 | –0.01 | <0.001 |
Non-HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.10 |
LDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | 0.05 | — |
Triglycerides | — | 0.39 | 0.37 *** | — | 0.35 ** | 0.38 *** | 0.35 ** |
Total lipids | — | — | — | 0.42 *** | — | — | — |
R2 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
Erythrocytes γ-tocopherol | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 |
Total cholesterol | 0.06 | — | 0.05 | — | 0.09 | — | — |
HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | –0.10 | –0.07 | –0.06 |
Non-HDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.09 |
LDL cholesterol | — | — | — | — | — | 0.08 | — |
Triglycerides | — | 0.05 | 0.04 | — | −0.01 | 0.01 | –0.01 |
Total lipids | — | — | — | 0.09 | — | — | — |
R2 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Baseline Characteristics | Overall RTR (n = 113) | α-tocopherol | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | Erythrocyte | ||||
Standardization | Standardization | ||||
None | Lipids | None | Lipids | ||
Plasma α-tocopherol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.4(0.3) | — | — | — | — |
Quotient plasma α-tocopherol (mg/dL)/total lipids (g/dL), mean (SD) | 4.2(0.7) | — | — | — | — |
Erythrocyte α-tocopherol, mg/1013 erythrocytes, mean (SD) a | 0.27(0.07) | — | — | — | — |
Quotient erythrocyte α-tocopherol (mg/1013 erythrocytes)/total lipids (g/dL), median (IQR) a | 0.79(0.61–1.04) | — | — | — | — |
Demographics and anthropometrics | |||||
Age, years, mean (SD) † | 55(14) | 0.20 * | 0.20 * | 0.12 | 0.05 |
Gender, male, n (%) † | 68(60) | 0.15 | 0.19 * | 0.13 | 0.08 |
Ethnicity, Caucasian, n (%) b | 86(76) | −0.13 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.19 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, median (IQR) c | 25.9(24.2–29.3) | 0.04 | −0.17 | −0.10 | −0.17 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) c | 140(19) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.003 | −0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) c | 81(15) | 0.002 | −0.06 | −0.17 | −0.13 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) d | 31(27) | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.08 | −0.01 |
Current smoker, n (%) e | 5(4) | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 |
Allograft function and transplantation | |||||
Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.5(0.4) | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.05 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 51(16) | −0.11 | 0.001 | −0.08 | 0.01 |
Dialysis vintage d | |||||
<1 year, n (%) | 62(56) | — | — | — | — |
1–5 years, n (%) | 37(33) | −0.13 | −0.13 | −0.16 | −0.06 |
>5 years, n (%) | 11(10) | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.06 |
Time since transplantation, years, median (IQR) f | 1(1–10) | 0.20* | 0.07 | 0.02 | −0.08 |
Lipids | |||||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 181(38) | 0.66 *** | −0.14 | 0.06 | −0.46 *** |
Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 127(37) | 0.67 *** | −0.24 ** | −0.03 | −0.54 *** |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 110(35) | 0.57 *** | −0.13 | 0.01 | −0.41 *** |
Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 151(101–197) | 0.61 *** | −0.59 *** | −0.17 | −0.74 *** |
Total lipid, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 334(272–397) | 0.76 *** | −0.51 *** | −0.08 | −0.76 *** |
Antioxidants, pro-oxidants, and inflammation | |||||
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 50(41–64) | −0.01 | 0.25 * | 0.24* | 0.21 |
γ-Glutamyltransferase, U/L, median (IQR) | 30(19–42) | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.10 |
Uric acid, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 6.4(1.6) | 0.20 | −0.26 ** | −0.18 | −0.35 *** |
Vitamin C, mg/dL, median (IQR) g | 0.7(0.4–0.9) | 0.10 | 0.22 * | 0.23* | 0.23 * |
hs-CRP, mg/L, median (IQR) h | 3.0(1.3–7.0) | −0.11 | 0.09 | −0.08 | 0.06 |
Glucose homeostasis | |||||
Glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 99(90–114) | 0.13 | −0.21 * | −0.04 | −0.31 * |
HbA1C, %, median (IQR) | 5.8(5.4–6.5) | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.02 | −0.03 |
Baseline Characteristics | Overall RTR (n = 113) | γ-tocopherol | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | Erythrocyte | ||||
Standardization | Standardization | ||||
None | Lipids | None | Lipids | ||
Plasma γ-tocopherol, mg/dL, mean (SD) a | 0.07(0.03) | — | — | — | — |
Quotient plasma γ-tocopherol (mg/dL)/total lipids (g/dL), mean (SD) a | 0.22(0.08) | — | — | — | — |
Erythrocyte α-tocopherol, mg/1013 erythrocyte, median (IQR) b | 0.02(0.01) | — | — | — | — |
Quotient erythrocyte α-tocopherol (mg/1013 erythrocyte)/total lipids (g/dL), median (IQR) b | 0.06(0.03) | — | — | — | — |
Demographics and anthropometrics | |||||
Age, years, mean (SD) † | 55(14) | −0.10 | −0.09 | −0.14 | −0.16 |
Gender, male, n (%) † | 68(60) | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Ethnicity, Caucasian, n (%) c | 86(76) | −0.03 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.27 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, median (IQR) a | 25.9(24.2–29.3) | 0.29 ** | 0.16 | 0.07 | −0.07 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) a | 140(19) | −0.09 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.12 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) a | 81(15) | 0.11 | 0.03 | −0.09 | −0.14 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) d | 31(27) | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
Current smoker, n (%) e | 5(4) | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Allograft function and transplantation | |||||
Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.5(0.4) | –0.05 | –0.17 | –0.05 | –0.40 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 51(16) | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Dialysis vintage d | |||||
<1 year, n (%) | 62(56) | — | — | — | — |
1–5 years, n (%) | 37(33) | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.002 | 0.03 |
>5 years, n (%) | 11(10) | −0.10 | −0.15 | −0.02 | −0.07 |
Time since transplantation, years, median (IQR) b | 1(1–10) | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
Lipids | |||||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 181(38) | 0.19 * | −0.23 * | 0.07 | −0.29 ** |
Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 127(37) | 0.28 ** | −0.21 * | 0.12 | −0.29 ** |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 110(35) | 0.16 | −0.21 * | 0.10 | −0.21 * |
Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 151(101–197) | 0.40 *** | −0.22 * | 0.06 | −0.44 *** |
Total lipid, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 334(272–397) | 0.42 *** | −0.2 5** | 0.10 | −0.45 *** |
Antioxidants, pro-oxidants, and inflammation | |||||
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 50(41–64) | −0.20 * | −0.07 | −0.12 | −0.02 |
γ-Glutamyltransferase, U/L, median (IQR) | 30(19–42) | 0.05 | −0.003 | −0.03 | −0.03 |
Uric acid, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 6.4(1.6) | 0.10 | −0.16 | −0.04 | −0.18 |
Vitamin C, mg/dL, median (IQR) f | 0.7(0.4–0.9) | −0.17 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.12 |
hs-CRP, mg/L, median (IQR) g | 3.0(1.3–7.0) | 0.14 | 0.23 * | 0.24 * | 0.20 * |
Glucose homeostasis | |||||
Glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 99(90–114) | 0.21 * | 0.01 | 0.13 | −0.05 |
HbA1C, %, median (IQR) | 5.8(5.4–6.5) | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.001 | −0.04 |
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Sotomayor, C.G.; Rodrigo, R.; Gomes-Neto, A.W.; Gormaz, J.G.; Pol, R.A.; Minović, I.; Eggersdorfer, M.L.; Vos, M.; Riphagen, I.J.; de Borst, M.H.; et al. Plasma versus Erythrocyte Vitamin E in Renal Transplant Recipients, and Duality of Tocopherol Species. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112821
Sotomayor CG, Rodrigo R, Gomes-Neto AW, Gormaz JG, Pol RA, Minović I, Eggersdorfer ML, Vos M, Riphagen IJ, de Borst MH, et al. Plasma versus Erythrocyte Vitamin E in Renal Transplant Recipients, and Duality of Tocopherol Species. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112821
Chicago/Turabian StyleSotomayor, Camilo G., Ramón Rodrigo, António W. Gomes-Neto, Juan Guillermo Gormaz, Robert A. Pol, Isidor Minović, Manfred L. Eggersdorfer, Michel Vos, Ineke J. Riphagen, Martin H. de Borst, and et al. 2019. "Plasma versus Erythrocyte Vitamin E in Renal Transplant Recipients, and Duality of Tocopherol Species" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112821